打字猴:1.700142203e+09
1700142203 [43]Simms,Three Victories and a Defeat,pp.469-473;J.Marsden,ed.,The Wisdom of George Ⅲ,London:Royal Household,2004;A.Russett,Dominic Serres R.A.1719–1793,Woodbridge:Antique Collector`s Club,2001.
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1700142205 [44]1763年,英国与法国签订了《巴黎和约》,七年战争结束。法国把它在北美大陆的绝大部分殖民地割让给英国,并撤出了印度,英国从而成为在海外拥有最多殖民地的国家。英国虽然获胜,但战争时期庞大的军费支出使其财政捉襟见肘,不得不增加北美殖民地的税收,此举最终引发了美国独立战争。在法国、荷兰等欧洲国家的支援下,美国打败了英国,两国于1783年签订《巴黎条约》,英国承认了美国的独立。——译者注
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1700142207 [45]S.Conway,The War of American Independence,1775–1783,London:Longmans,1995;V.T.Harlow,The Founding of the Second British Empire 1763–1793,Vol.Ⅱ:New Continents and Changing Values,London:Longmans,1964.
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1700142209 [46]坎宁在利物浦的演说,1814年1月10日:G.Canning,Speeches of the Right Hon.George Canning delivered on Public Occasions in Liverpool,Liverpool:Thomas Kaye,1835,p.106,演讲全文位于第81—112页。
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1700142211 [47]L.Colley,Britons:Forging the Nation 1707–1837,(New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,1992)本书强调了战争和海外贸易在创造英国国家身份中的核心作用,以及这一身份在1793年到1815年间维持对大革命和拿破仑统治时期的法国所做的全面战争努力中所起到的作用,这场战争主要是在海上进行的。M.Lincoln,Representing the Royal Navy:British Sea Power 1750–1815(Aldershot:Ashgate,2003)考察了对乔治一世到四世时期之海军所做的有争议的解释,并强调了该组织在国家生活中的核心作用。A.D.Lambert,Nelson:Britannia’s God of War(London:Faber and Faber,2004)考察了这位英国民族英雄、一个海上强国的图腾是如何被构建起来的。T.Jenks,Naval Engagements:Patriotism,Cultural Politics,and the Royal Navy 1793–1815,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006,在具体的海军语境中进一步发展了坎宁的方法。
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1700142213 [48]R.Muir,Wellington:Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace,1814–1852,New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,2015,p.106.
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1700142215 [49]关于范·德·维尔德之后的英国海洋艺术,请参见E.Hughes,ed.,Spreading Canvas:Eighteenth-Century British Marine Painting,New Hevan,CT.and Lo ndon:Yale University Press,2016.
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1700142217 [50]F.G.H.Bachrach,Turner’s Holland,London:Tate Gallery,1994.特龙普是最受欢迎的主题。
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1700142219 [51]J.Ruskin,Modern Painters:Vol.Ⅰ,London:Smith,Elder,1843.在库克和韦德伯恩的“图书馆版”中,把这段文字放在了第三卷的第112—113页上。克劳德的作品已经挂在伦敦国家美术馆里了。一种类似的现代解读请见E.Shanes,Young Mr Turner:J.M.W.Turner,A Life in Art.The First Forty Years,1775–1815,New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,2016,pp.454-456.
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1700142221 [52]透纳把这幅画交给了国家美术馆,要他们把它挂在克劳德的画对面。他们始终遵循了这个指示。
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1700142223 [53]全名为《被拖去解体的战舰“蛮勇”号》,画面为一艘小小的蒸汽轮船正拖曳着庞大的木制军舰“蛮勇”号。“蛮勇”号曾在特拉法尔加战役中立过战功。——译者注
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1700142225 [54]Murray to Wellington,19 September 1845:WND 2/132/82.Wellington Papers,Hartley Library,University of Southampton.
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1700142227 [55]J.Ruskin,Harbours of England,London:Smith,Elder,1856,p.25.该书介绍了一系列英国港口的风景画,这些画都是按照透纳的画雕版的。
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1700142229 [56]对该标志性舰船的讨论,请参见A.D.Lambert,‘The Power of a Name:Tradition,Technology and Transformation’in R.J.Blyth,A.Labert and J.Rüger,eds.,The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age,Farnham:Ashgate,2011,pp.19-28.
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1700142231 [57]J.Rüger,The Great Naval Game:Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.
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1700142233 [58]Empire Day,英联邦日的旧称,为每年的5月24日。——译者注
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1700142235 [59]1941年5月24日,“胡德”号在丹麦海峡拦截德国的“俾斯麦”号战列舰时,被其击中弹药库,舰体断裂,迅速沉没,全舰官兵几乎全部遇难。英国皇家海军立刻调集大量军舰对“俾斯麦”号进行追击,于5月27日将其击沉。——译者注
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1700142237 [60]Sir P.Moon,The British Conquest and Dominion of India,London:Duckworth,1989,p.11.
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1700142239 [61]A.Roland,W.J.Bolster and A.Keyssar,The Way of the Ship:America’s Maritime History Re envisioned,1600–2000,Hoboken,NJ:John Wiley and Sons Inc.,2008,把美国海事时期的终结定在1817年。
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1700142241 [62]R.H.Kohn,Eagle and Sword:The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America,New York:Free Press,1975.
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1700142243 [63]P.E.Pedisich,Congress Buys a Navy:Economics,and the Rise of American Naval Power,1881–1921,Annapolis,MD:USNIP,2016;J.Barlow,The Revolt of the Admirals:The Fight for Naval Aviation 1945–1950,Annapolis,MD:USNIP,1994.
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1700142245 [64]E.P.Brenton,The Naval History of Great Britain,London:Henry Colburn,1825,vol.5,pp.199205,and A.D.Lambert,‘Winning without Fighting:British Grand Strategy and its Application to the United States,1815–1865’,in B.Lee and K.Walling,eds.,Strategic Logic and Political Rationality:Essays in Honour of Michael J.Handel,Newport,RI:United States Naval War College,2003,pp.164-195.
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1700142247 [65]Lambert,‘Winning without Fighting’,p.176.
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1700142249 [66]A.D.Lambert,‘Creating Cultural Difference:The Military,Political and Cultural Legacies of the War of 1812’,in A.Forrest,K.Hagemann andM.Rowe,eds.,War,Demobilization and Memory:The Legacy of War in the Era of Atlantic Revolutions,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2016,pp.303-319.
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1700142251 [67]W.H.Truettner and A.Wallach,eds.,Thomas Cole:Landscape into History,New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,1994.科尔的画与透纳的“迦太基画像”之间的联系是很明显的。这组画的标题来自Lord Byron’s Childe Harold,pp.91-92.
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