1700171974
1700171975
[2] C ampbell, J. (1983). Grammatical man: information, entropy, language and life. Allen Lane, London.
1700171976
1700171977
[3] S chrodinger, E. (1967). What is life? Mind and matter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1700171978
1700171979
[4] Q uoted in Judson, H. F. (1979). The eighth day of creation. Jonathan Cape, London.
1700171980
1700171981
[5] H odges, A. (1997). Turing. Phoenix, London.
1700171982
1700171983
[6] C ampbell, J. (1983). Grammatical man: information, entropy, language and life. Allen Lane, London.
1700171984
1700171985
[7] Joyce, G. F. (1989). RNA evolution and the origins of life. Nature 338
:217-24; Unrau, P. J. and Bartel, D. P. (1998). RNA-catalysed nucleotide synthesis. Nature 395: 260-63.
1700171986
1700171987
[8] Gesteland, R. F. and Atkins, J. F. (eds) (1993). The RNA world. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
1700171988
1700171989
[9] Gold, T. (1992). The deep, hot biosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89: 6045-49; Gold, T. (1997). An unexplored habitat for life in the universe? American Scientist 85: 408-11.
1700171990
1700171991
[10] Woese, C. (1998). The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95: 6854-9.
1700171992
1700171993
[11] P oole, A. M., Jeffares, D.C and Penny, D. (1998). The path from the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 46: 1-17; Jeffares, D. C, Poole, A. M. and Penny, D. (1998). Relics from the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 46: 18-36.
1700171994
1700171995
2号染色体
1700171996
1700171997
有关人类祖先演化的故事已被讲述了多次。近期比较好的相关书籍有：博阿兹（N. T. Boaz）的《生态人》（美国基础读物出版社，1997）、艾伦·沃克和帕特·希普曼（Pat Shipman）的《骨头的智慧》（凤凰城出版社，1996）、理查德·利基和罗杰·卢因（Roger Lewin）的《反思起源》（利特尔·布朗出版社，1992），以及唐·约翰松（Don Johanson）和布莱克·埃德加（Blake Edgar）的佳作《从露西到语言》（魏登菲尔德·尼科尔森出版社，1996）。
1700171998
1700171999
[1] Kottler, M.J. (1974). From 48 to 46: cytological technique, preconception,and the counting of human chromosomes. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48: 465-502.
1700172000
1700172001
[2] Y oung, J. Z. (1950). The life of vertebrates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1700172002
1700172003
[3] A rnason, U., Gullberg, A. and Janke, A. (1998). Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two non-primate calibration points.Journal of Molecular Evolution 47: 718-27.
1700172004
1700172005
[4] H uxle y, T. H. (1863/1901). Man’s place in nature and other anthropological essays, p. 153. Macmillan, London.
1700172006
1700172007
[5] Rogers, A. and Jorde, R. B. (1995). Genetic evidence and modern human origins. Human Biology 67: 1-36.
1700172008
1700172009
[6] B oaz, N. T. (1997). Eco homo. Basic Books, New York.
1700172010
1700172011
[7] W alker, A. and Shipman, P. (1996). The wisdom of bones. Phoenix,London.
1700172012
1700172013
[8] Ridley, M. (1996). The origins of virtue. Viking, London.
1700172014
1700172015
3号染色体
1700172016
1700172017
关于遗传学的历史有很多记载，其中最好的当属霍勒斯·贾德森（Horace Judson）的《创世纪的第八天》（伦敦乔纳森海角出版社，1979；企鹅出版社，1995年再版）。对于孟德尔的生平描述，可在西蒙·莫尔（Simon Mawer）的小说《孟德尔的侏儒》（双日出版社，1997）中找到。
1700172018
1700172019
[1] B eam, A. G. and Miller, E. D. (1979). Archibald Garrod and the development of the concept of inborn errors of metabolism. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53: 315-28; Childs, B. (1970). Sir Archibald Garrod’s conception of chemical individuality: a modern appreciation.New England Journal of Medicine 282: 71-7; Garrod, A. (1909). Inborn errors of metabolism. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1700172020
1700172021
[2] M endel, G. (1865). Versuche über Pfianzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn 4: 3-47. English translation published in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. 26 (1901).
1700172022
1700172023
[3] Q uoted in Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection.Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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