打字猴:1.700231233e+09
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1700231234 34.J.-J. Rousseau,On the Origin of Inequality, reprint ed. (New York:Cosimo, 2005), 22.
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1700231236 35.卢梭认为,私人财产的出现是人类所有罪恶的罪魁祸首,而不少其他启蒙思想家则对不平等持更积极的态度。苏格兰哲学家安德鲁·弗格森(Andrew Ferguson)和约翰·米勒(John Millar)认为,私人财产和不平等对社会进步有益,因为它们让人有了想争取的东西。然而,令人好奇的是,对于已经被(重)写进生活之书的不平等,他们可能作何感想?例如,A. Ferguson,An Essay on the History of Civil Society, ed. F. Oz-Saltberger(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);J. Millar,ObservationsConcerning the Distinction of Ranks in Society, rev. 2nd ed. (London: 1773)。
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1700231238 后记 遗传统治的崛起——21 17
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1700231240 1.本后记改编自康利(Conley)的文章,文章来源如下:“What if Tinder showed your IQ? A report from a future where genetic engineering has sabotaged society,” Nautilus Magazine, September 24, 2015,http://nautil.us/issue/28/2050/what-if-tinder-showed-your-IQ。
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1700231242 2.代孕这种职业当时已经消失。这是因为来自子宫的外源性影响(DNA甲基化以及组氨酸乙酰化)显得越来越重要,如果选择代孕的话风险会增加。
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1700231244 3.S. Cohn, C. Cohn, and A. Jensen, “Myopia and intelligence: A pleiotropic relationship?” Human Genetics 80, No. 1 (1988): 53–58, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00451456.
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1700231246 4.E. M. Miller, “On the correlation of myopia and intelligence,”Genetic,Social, and General Psychology Monographs118, No. 4 (1992): 361–383,http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1993–22443–001.
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1700231248 5.J. A. Driver, A. Beiser, R. Au, B. E. Kreger, G. L. Splansky, T. Kurth,D. P. Kiel, et al., “Inverse association between cancer and Alzheimer’s disease:results from the Framingham Heart Study,” BMJ 344 (2012): e1442, http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/344/bmj.e1442.full.pdf.
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1700231250 6.C.M.A. Haworth, M. J. Wright, M. Luciano, N. G. Martin, E. J. de Geus,C. E. van Beijsterveldt, M. Bartels, et al., “The heritability of general cognitive ability increases linearly from childhood to young adulthood,”MolecularPsychiatry15, No. 11 (2010): 1112–1120.
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1700231252 7.C. A. Rietveld, S. E. Medland, J. Derringer, J. Yang, T. Esko, N. W.Martin, H.-J. Westra, et al., “GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies geneticvariants associated with educational attainment,”Science340, No. 6139 (2013):1467–1471.
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1700231254 附录2 降低遗传力估算值的另一种尝试:采用全基因组复杂性状分析与主成分分析方法
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1700231256 1.GCTA是一个用于遗传分析的软件包。J. Yang, S. H. Lee, M. E.Goddard, and P. M. Visscher, “GCTA: A tool for Genome- wide complex trait analysis,”American Journal of Human Genetics88, No. 1 (2011): 76– 82.GREML。同时,GCTA还是全基因组复杂性状分析(genomic- relatednessmatrix restricted maximum likelihood estimation)的简称。
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1700231258 2.我们说1/4左右是因为这一数字有可能会上下波动,波动和婚姻的阶层化相关。同时,作为择偶的一个依据,对对方教育状况的选择会影响这一数字。
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1700231260 3.S. M. Purcell, N. R. Wray, J. L. Stone, P. M. Visscher, M. C. O’Donovan,P. F. Sullivan, P. Sklar, et al., “Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder,”Nature460, No. 7256 (2009): 748– 752.
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1700231262 4.近期,库玛等发表了一项对GCTA更不利的研究。作者发现现在的GCTA只使用全部遗传变异中的一小部分来进行观测,而这极大地降低了方法的可信度。在大多数社会科学和生物学研究中,测量的不完整性不会对结果造成灾难性的影响。比如,我们往往用SAT考试成绩来代替智商测试的成绩,以评估学校教育模式的优劣,或者我们会用家庭5年来的收入直接作为家庭经济水平。在这些情况下,量化的依据并不是完美的,但是确实可以反映出待测指标的真实结构。但是GCTA分析需要完整的基因组测量。针对一个特定的性状,如身高,不同的基因型可能有上千种。而大多数SNP芯片只能覆盖基因组的一小块区域。作者发现这种不完整性可能会引起GCTA结果的巨大波动。或许当全基因组测序成为业界标准的时候,GCTA的这一问题会被避免。S. K. Kumar, M. W. Feldman, D. H.Rehkopf, and S. Tuljapurkar, “Limitations of GCTA as a solution to the missing heritability problem,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences113,No. 1 (2016): E61– E70.
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1700231264 附录3 一种尚未实践的思路:主成分分析与家庭样本结合
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1700231266 1.设想一下,你母亲在某个区域的基因型为AG-CT,也就是说,在这条给定的常染色体上,你的母亲属于杂合子。你可能从母亲那里得到A与C,但你弟弟得到的却可能是G与T,姐姐得到的则是A与T。先不考虑父方影响,在这两个位点上你与弟弟相似度是0,你与姐姐相似度则是50%。对基因组来自父母双方的每一条染色体都做同样的处理,我们就能够算出每一对兄弟姐妹间的相关程度,学术上称为IBS(Identity By State)。
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1700231268 附录4 表观遗传学及其在遗传力缺失中的潜在作用
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1700231270 1.除此之外还有增强子。增强子可能位于距离基因几千碱基对远的地方,参与触发DNA的转录。编码区末端的3’UTR在涉及与micro-RNAs的相互作用的基因表达调控中也扮演着重要的角色。
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1700231272 2.参见图“Chromosome 3 pairs”,Genetic Science Learning Center,Univ. of Utah, http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/twins/。
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1700231274 3.X. Wang, D. C. Miller, R. Harman, D. F. Antczak, and A. G. Clark.,“Paternally expressed genes predominate in the placenta,”Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences110, No. 26 (2013): 10705–10710.
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1700231276 4.H. A. Lawson, J. M. Cheverud, and J. B. Wolf, “Genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin effects on complex traits,”Nature Reviews Genetics14,No. 9 (2013): 609–617。
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1700231278 5.E. B. Keverne,“Genomic imprinting in the brain,”Current Opinion inNeurobiology7, No. 4 (1997): 463–468.
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1700231280 6.F. Ankel-Simons and J. M. Cummins,“Misconceptions about mitochondria and mammalian fertilization: Implications for theories on human evolution,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences93, No. 24 (1996):13859–13863.
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1700231282 7.J. Molinier, G. Ries, C. Zipfel, and B. Hohn, “Transgeneration memory of stress in plants,”Nature442, No. 7106 (2006): 1046–1049。
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