1700248549

1700248550 117 真菌中发现的免疫抑制剂环孢菌素，其构造和生化功能，请参考：Christopher T. Walsh, Lynne D. Zydowsky, and Frank D. McKeon,The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 267(19): 13115-13118(July 5, 1992); Stuart L. Schreiber and Gerald R. Crabtree,Immunology Today , 13(4): 136-142(1992);The Harvey Lectures , Series, 91, pp. 99-114(1997)。

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1700248552 118 此处学名疑为Phyllobates terribilis之误，种名同样是恐怖、可怕之意。此种金色箭毒蛙，是所有箭毒蛙中毒性最强的，一只蛙体内所含毒素约2毫克，而人类的血液中如果含有0.3毫克金色箭毒蛙毒素，就足以致命。——译者注

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1700248554 119 关于从箭毒蛙身上发现镇痛剂地棘蛙素，请参考：David Bradley,Science ,261: 1117(1993); Charles W. Myers and John W. Daly,Science ,262: 1193(1993);尤其是：Mark J. Plotkin,Medicine Quest: In Search of Nature’s Healing Secrets (New York: Viking Penguin, 2000)。

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1700248556 120 关于婆罗洲的胡桐属植物以及艾滋病病毒抑制剂(+)-calanolide的发现，请参考：Robert Cook,Harvard University Gazette , pp. 1, 4 (November 1996)的附刊“Arnold Arboretum of Harbard University”。该药目前正由Sarawak MediChem制药公司进行抗艾滋病病毒测试。

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1700248558 121 传统医药采用的植物，请参考：James L. Castner, Stephen L. Timme, and James A. Duck, A Field Guide to Medicinal and Useful Plants of the Upper Amazon (Gainesville, FL.: Feline Press, 1998)。

1700248559

1700248560 122 从热带雨林中提取药物成分，请参考：Michael J. Balick and Robert Mendelsohn,Conservation Biology ,6(1): 128-130(1992)。

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1700248562 123 碳排放权交易（carbon credit trade），为了减缓温室效应，须管制各国的温室气体排放量，但因各地需求不同，此排放量可通过碳排放权交易方式，让国际间依需求出售或购买排放额度，同时达到全球温室气体减量的目标。——译者注

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1700248564 124 关于Petén地区的热带雨林产业，请参考：Laura Tangley,U. S. News & World Report ,124(15): 40-41, 44(April 20, 1998)。

1700248565

1700248566 125 Cetus公司和黄石国家公园与聚合酶连锁反应技术研发的关系，请参考：William B. Hull,Biodiversity (Consultative Group on Biological Diversity), 8(1): 1-2(1998)。另外，我也引用其他生物探勘的事例：Leslie Roberts,Science ,256: 1142-1143(1992); Andrew Pollack,New York Times , p. C10(March 5, 1992); Ricardo Bonalume Neto and David Dickson,Nature ,400: 302(1999)。并感谢NPS制药公司的Hunter Jackson私下交换意见（May 27, 1993)，以及Daniel H. Janzen（私下交换意见）补充最新的INBio与默克公司间的协议。

1700248567

1700248568 126 对于生态系统是否真能从最底层的微生物往上一一重建，我深表怀疑，这方面的数据，请参考我的著作：Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998)。

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1700248570 127 莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564—1616），英国剧作家。贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，1770—1827），德国作曲家。歌德（Johann W. von Goethe，1749—1832），德国诗人、作家，著有《浮士德》、《少年维特的烦恼》。甲壳虫乐队（Beatles），著名的英国摇滚乐队。——译者注

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1700248572 128 环境伦理是一个很大的议题，由一小群学术界人士推动，但很不幸，未受到其他领域学者以及社会大众的重视。推荐阅读书单如下：Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1949) [中译本为《沙郡年记》，吴美真译（天下文化）]，andFor the Health of the Land (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1999); Holmes RolstonⅢ, Philosophy Gone Wild: Essays in Environmental Ethics (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986); Bill McKibben,The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989); Steven C. Rockefeller and John C. Elder, eds.,Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment is a Religious Issue (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992); David R. Brower and Steve Chapple,Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995); Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes and Allen D. Kanner, Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995); Philip Shabecoff,A New Name for Peace: International Environmentalism, Sustainable Development and Democracy (Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England, 1996); Stephen R. Kellert,Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island press, 1997); Daniel C. Maguire and Larry L. Rasmussen, eds.,Ethics for a Small Planet: New Horizons on Population, Consumption, and Ecology (Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 1998); Thomas Berry,The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (New York: Bell Tower, 1999); James Eggert,Song of the Meadowlark: Exploring Values for a Sustainable Future (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1999); Martin Gorke,Artensterben: Von der ökologischen Theorie zum Eigenwert der Natur (Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta, 1999)。此外，还有一份专业期刊：Environmental Ethics , published by the Center for Environmental Philosophy and the University of North Texas, Denton, texas。

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1700248574 129 关于生物的基本构造与遗传机制，可参考：《观念生物学》，霍格兰、窦德生著。——译者注

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1700248576 130 “人类不朽的投资”一词，借用自：Kenneth Small,Politics and the Life Sciences , 16(2): 183-192(1997)。

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1700248578 131 深层生态学（deep ecology），是由挪威哲学家奈斯（Arne Naess）首创的生态哲学，强调所有生物皆平等，并认为万物自有其本身内在的价值。——译者注

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1700248580 132 落基山脉营地登山道旁标语牌的变动请参考：Holmes RolstonⅢ,Garden , 11(4): 2-4, 31-32(July/August 1987)。

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1700248582 133 我曾在以下著作中介绍“亲生命性”的含义：Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984)。这个观念后来被多方引用，包括：Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Stephen R. Kellert,Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island press, 1997)。

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1700248584 134 Gordon H. Orians所引介的人类遗传上的环境偏好观念，系参考Jay Appleton,The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley, 1975)和其他人士的数据与观念而来，请参考：J. S. Lockard, ed.,The Evolution of Human Social Behavior (New York: Elsevier, 1980)。将此观念更进一步发展的著作包括：Orians and Judith H. Heerwagen in J. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds.,The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992); Heerwagen and Orians in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Orians,Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 79(1): 15-28(1998)。

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1700248586 135 将人类历史浓缩成70年的想法，系借用自：Howard Frumkin,American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 20(3): 234-240(2001)。

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1700248588 136 关于亲生命性及栖息地偏好在儿童时期的发展，回顾资料请见：Roger S. Ulrich, S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Peter H. Kahn, Jr.,Developmental Review , 17(1): 1-61(1997) and The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999)。

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1700248590 137 关于儿童时期的藏匿所，请参考：David T. Sobel,Children’s Special Places: Exploring the Role of Forts, Dens, and Bush Houses in Middle Childhood (Tucson: Zephyr Press, 1993), p. 90; Will Nixon,The Amicus Journal , pp. 31-35(Summer 1997)。我自己的亲身经历摘自Michigan Quarterly Review , p. 90(Summer 2000)。

1700248591

1700248592 138 关于饲养宠物以及接近自然环境所产生的疗效，请参考：Roger S. Ulrich et al.,Journal of Environmental Psychology , 11(3): 201-230 (1991); R. S. Ulrich in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Russ Parsons et al.,Journal of Environmental Psychology , 18(2): 113-140(1998); Howard Frumkin,American Journal of Preventive Medicine 。

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1700248594 139 生物恐惧症的发展，尤其是遗传天性中对危险动物的厌恶感，回顾性文章请参考：Roger S. Ulrich in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993)。对于蛇的厌恶，尤其是文化发展方面，最早提出者为：Balaji Mundkur,The Cult of the Serpent: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Its Manifestations and Origins (Albany: State Univ. of NY Press, 1983)；进一步的阐释，请参考：E. O. Wilson,Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984)。

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1700248596 140 关于野地，我参考了许多详尽的文献，其中大部分是美国的，包括：Roderick Nash,Wilderness and the American Mind, Third Ed. (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1982); Bill Mckibben,The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989); Frans Lanting and Christine K. Eckstrom,Forgotten Edens: Exploring the World’s Wild Places (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1993); J. Baird Callicott et al.,“A Critique and Defense of the Wilderness Idea”, a special section ofWild Earth , pp. 54-68(Winter 1994/1995); David R. Brower and Steve Chapple,Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995); Lawrence Buell,The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1995); William Cronon, ed.,Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); Tom Petrie, Kim Leighton and Greg Linder, eds.,Temple Wilderness: A Collection of Thoughts and Images on Our Spiritual Bond with the Earth (Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press, 1996)。

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1700248598 141 缪尔（John Muir，1838—1914），自然文学作家，被尊为“国家公园之父”。——译者注

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