打字猴:1.700248567e+09
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1700248568 126 对于生态系统是否真能从最底层的微生物往上一一重建,我深表怀疑,这方面的数据,请参考我的著作:Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998)。
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1700248570 127 莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564—1616),英国剧作家。贝多芬(Ludwig van Beethoven,1770—1827),德国作曲家。歌德(Johann W. von Goethe,1749—1832),德国诗人、作家,著有《浮士德》、《少年维特的烦恼》。甲壳虫乐队(Beatles),著名的英国摇滚乐队。——译者注
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1700248572 128 环境伦理是一个很大的议题,由一小群学术界人士推动,但很不幸,未受到其他领域学者以及社会大众的重视。推荐阅读书单如下:Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1949) [中译本为《沙郡年记》,吴美真译(天下文化)],andFor the Health of the Land (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1999); Holmes RolstonⅢ, Philosophy Gone Wild: Essays in Environmental Ethics (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986); Bill McKibben,The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989); Steven C. Rockefeller and John C. Elder, eds.,Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment is a Religious Issue (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992); David R. Brower and Steve Chapple,Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995); Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes and Allen D. Kanner, Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995); Philip Shabecoff,A New Name for Peace: International Environmentalism, Sustainable Development and Democracy (Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England, 1996); Stephen R. Kellert,Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island press, 1997); Daniel C. Maguire and Larry L. Rasmussen, eds.,Ethics for a Small Planet: New Horizons on Population, Consumption, and Ecology (Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 1998); Thomas Berry,The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (New York: Bell Tower, 1999); James Eggert,Song of the Meadowlark: Exploring Values for a Sustainable Future (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1999); Martin Gorke,Artensterben: Von der ökologischen Theorie zum Eigenwert der Natur (Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta, 1999)。此外,还有一份专业期刊:Environmental Ethics , published by the Center for Environmental Philosophy and the University of North Texas, Denton, texas。
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1700248574 129 关于生物的基本构造与遗传机制,可参考:《观念生物学》,霍格兰、窦德生著。——译者注
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1700248576 130 “人类不朽的投资”一词,借用自:Kenneth Small,Politics and the Life Sciences , 16(2): 183-192(1997)。
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1700248578 131 深层生态学(deep ecology),是由挪威哲学家奈斯(Arne Naess)首创的生态哲学,强调所有生物皆平等,并认为万物自有其本身内在的价值。——译者注
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1700248580 132 落基山脉营地登山道旁标语牌的变动请参考:Holmes RolstonⅢ,Garden , 11(4): 2-4, 31-32(July/August 1987)。
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1700248582 133 我曾在以下著作中介绍“亲生命性”的含义:Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984)。这个观念后来被多方引用,包括:Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Stephen R. Kellert,Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (Washington, DC: Island press, 1997)。
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1700248584 134 Gordon H. Orians所引介的人类遗传上的环境偏好观念,系参考Jay Appleton,The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley, 1975)和其他人士的数据与观念而来,请参考:J. S. Lockard, ed.,The Evolution of Human Social Behavior (New York: Elsevier, 1980)。将此观念更进一步发展的著作包括:Orians and Judith H. Heerwagen in J. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds.,The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992); Heerwagen and Orians in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Orians,Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 79(1): 15-28(1998)。
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1700248586 135 将人类历史浓缩成70年的想法,系借用自:Howard Frumkin,American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 20(3): 234-240(2001)。
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1700248588 136 关于亲生命性及栖息地偏好在儿童时期的发展,回顾资料请见:Roger S. Ulrich, S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Peter H. Kahn, Jr.,Developmental Review , 17(1): 1-61(1997) and The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999)。
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1700248590 137 关于儿童时期的藏匿所,请参考:David T. Sobel,Children’s Special Places: Exploring the Role of Forts, Dens, and Bush Houses in Middle Childhood (Tucson: Zephyr Press, 1993), p. 90; Will Nixon,The Amicus Journal , pp. 31-35(Summer 1997)。我自己的亲身经历摘自Michigan Quarterly Review , p. 90(Summer 2000)。
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1700248592 138 关于饲养宠物以及接近自然环境所产生的疗效,请参考:Roger S. Ulrich et al.,Journal of Environmental Psychology , 11(3): 201-230 (1991); R. S. Ulrich in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993); Russ Parsons et al.,Journal of Environmental Psychology , 18(2): 113-140(1998); Howard Frumkin,American Journal of Preventive Medicine 。
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1700248594 139 生物恐惧症的发展,尤其是遗传天性中对危险动物的厌恶感,回顾性文章请参考:Roger S. Ulrich in S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds.,The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1993)。对于蛇的厌恶,尤其是文化发展方面,最早提出者为:Balaji Mundkur,The Cult of the Serpent: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Its Manifestations and Origins (Albany: State Univ. of NY Press, 1983);进一步的阐释,请参考:E. O. Wilson,Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984)。
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1700248596 140 关于野地,我参考了许多详尽的文献,其中大部分是美国的,包括:Roderick Nash,Wilderness and the American Mind, Third Ed. (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1982); Bill Mckibben,The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989); Frans Lanting and Christine K. Eckstrom,Forgotten Edens: Exploring the World’s Wild Places (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1993); J. Baird Callicott et al.,“A Critique and Defense of the Wilderness Idea”, a special section ofWild Earth , pp. 54-68(Winter 1994/1995); David R. Brower and Steve Chapple,Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995); Lawrence Buell,The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1995); William Cronon, ed.,Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); Tom Petrie, Kim Leighton and Greg Linder, eds.,Temple Wilderness: A Collection of Thoughts and Images on Our Spiritual Bond with the Earth (Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press, 1996)。
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1700248598 141 缪尔(John Muir,1838—1914),自然文学作家,被尊为“国家公园之父”。——译者注
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1700248600 142 穷国与富国的收入差异,取材自联合国出版的Human Development Report 1999 ; Fouad Ajami也曾在Foreign Policy , 119: 30-34(Summer 2000)中讨论过。这项差异所造成的影响,请参考下列著作中的数据:Geoffrey D. Dabelko,Wilson Quarterly , 23(4): 14-19(Autumn 1999); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon,Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1999) and The Ingenuity Gap (New York: Knopf, 2000)。穷国与富国的消费差异,请参考:William E. Rees and Mathis Wackernagel, AnnMari Jansson et al., eds,Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability(Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994), pp. 362-390。关于四个地球才够消耗的说法,得自我私下和Mathis Wackernagel交换意见(24 January 2000)(Redefining Progress, One Kearny St., San Francisco, CA);另请参考本书第二章对于“生态足迹”概念的解释。
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1700248602 143 1970年代后期,美国发生一场艾草反抗者抗议活动(Sagebrush Rebellion),参与者为西部的农场、牧场、木业、矿业、石油与天然气的经营者,要求将属于联邦政府的公有土地释出,以供开发利用,因此“艾草反抗者”成为反环保分子的代称。——译者注
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1700248604 144 美国人对于大自然的看法和价值观的调查,执行者为贝尔登和卢梭纳罗和研究、策略、管理(Belden & Russonello and Research/Strategy/Management)研究公司,委托者为代表生物多样性咨询组织的交流协会媒体中心(CCMC),后来并写成报告发表:“Human Values and Nature’s Future: American Attitudes on Biological Diversity”(October 1996)。承蒙CCMC准予本书采用此一数据。
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1700248606 145 关于基督教和犹太教的环境行动组织数据,取材自对几位组织领袖的访谈记录:Caryle Murphy,Washington Post , pp. A1-6(3 February 1998); Michael Paulson,Boston Globe , p. B3(14 October 2000)。环境保护与信仰之间的关系取材自:Libby Bassett, John T. Brinkman, and Kusimita P. Pedersen, eds.,Earth and Faith: A Book of Reflection for Action (New York: United Nations Environment Program, 2000)。珍妮赛·雷警告伐木业者不要触怒上帝的文字,取材自:Ecology of A Cracker Childhood (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 1999)。
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1700248608 146 “森林保护宗教运动”组织的原则声明,取材自:Fred Krueger,Religion and the Forests , 1(1): 2(Spring 2000)。
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1700248610 147 圣阿奎那(Saint Thomas Aquinas,1225—1274),意大利神学家、自然哲学家,著有《神学大全》(Summa Theologiae )。——译者注
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1700248612 148 生物学家和环境科学家曾经就如何兼顾农业、林业和一般经济发展,同时又保护生物多样性,提出许多特殊建议,很多都已纳入我先前的著作中:The Diversity of Life (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1992; paperback, with college textbook addendum by Dan L. Perlman and Glenn Adelson, New York: W. W. Norton, 1993)。同样列为标准环保教科书以及行动指南的还包括:John F. Ahearne, H. Guyford Stever et al.,Linking Science and Technology to Society’s Environmental Goals (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996); William J. Sutherland, ed.,Conservation Science and Action (Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1998); W. L. Sutherland,The Conservation Handbook: Research, Management and Policy (Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 2000); Michael E. Soule and John Terborgh, eds.,Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999); Donald Kennedy and John A. Riggs, eds.,U. S. Policy and the Global Environment: Memos to the President (Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute, 2000); Peter H. Raven, ed.,Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000)。关于人口压力及作物生产量日增对环境造成的压力,请参考下列评论:David Tilman,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ,USA , 96: 5995-6000(1999)。
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1700248614 149 地球上25个陆地热点地区名单,最早是由迈尔斯提出,后来再经过详细界定(Nature , 403: 853-858, 2000),界定者包括迈尔斯、米特迈尔、Gustavo Fonseca以及国际环保协会的其他成员。25个热点地区如下:安地斯山热带地区、中美洲(从墨西哥南部到哥斯达黎加)、加勒比海岛屿、巴西大西洋岸雨林、巴拿马以及哥伦比亚的Choco到厄瓜多尔西部、巴西的大草原、智利中部、加利福尼亚州的Floristic省(海岸地中海型灌木区)、马达加斯加、坦桑尼亚以及肯尼亚的东部山区和海岸森林、西非森林区、南非的Cape Floristic省、南非的多肉植物高原、地中海周边、高加索地区、巽他群岛(印度尼西亚大岛及周边大陆棚岛屿)、华莱士区(印度尼西亚的小巽他群岛,从龙目岛到帝汶岛)、菲律宾、印度至缅甸一带(Indo-Burma)、中国中南部、斯里兰卡以及印度的西高止山、澳大利亚西南部(地中海式灌木区)、新喀里多尼亚、新西兰、波利尼西亚和密克罗尼西亚。上述每个区域都被视为热点地区,不论是局部或全部。关于这些地区的美丽描绘,请参考:Russell A. Mittermeier, Norman Myers et al.,Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (Mexico City: CEMEX, Conservation International, 1999)。世界野生生物基金会的人员曾经独立界定出2000年的全球生态热点,涵盖了陆地及海洋环境,其中的热点地区位置标示得更清楚。相关的数据和建议的环保事项全都详列在该基金会的年度报告以及附带出版物中(www. worldwildlife. org)。国际环保协会和世界野生生物基金会各自界定的陆地热点地区,80%以上重叠。
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1700248616 150 关于咖啡附加税的点子,我要谢谢Daniel H. Janzen。
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