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II 脂肪酸与氨基酸混合物的原始细胞膜参见：Cornell, C. E.; Black, R. A.; Xue, M.; et al.(2019). Prebiotic amino acids bind to and stabilize prebiotic fatty acid membranes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(35): 17239-17244。
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III 尼克·莱恩的脂肪酸与类异戊二烯混合物的原始细胞膜参见：Jordan, S.F.; Rammu, H.; Zheludev, I. N.; et al.(2019).Promotion of protocell self-assembly from mixed amphiphiles at the origin of life.Nature ecology & evolution, 3: 1705–1714。
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IV 杰克·绍斯塔克用柠檬酸稳定原始细胞膜参见：O’Flaherty, D. K.; Kamat, N. P.; Mirza, F. N.; et al.(2018). Copying of Mixed-Sequence RNA Templates inside Model Protocells.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140(15)
:5171‐5178; Adamala, K.; Szostak, J. W.(2013). Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells.Science, 342(6162): 1098‐1100。
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V 杰克·绍斯塔克的原始细胞分裂实验参见：Hanczyc, M. M.; Fujikawa, S. M.; Szostak, J. W.(2003). Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: encapsulation, growth, and division.Science, 302(5645): 618-622; Zhu, T. F.; Szostak, J. W.(2009). Coupled growth and division of model protocell membranes.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(15): 5705‐5713; Budin, I.; Debnath, A.; Szostak, J. W.(2012). Concentration-driven growth of model protocell membranes.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(51): 20812‐20819。
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VI 杰克·绍斯塔克用肽把RNA吸附在原始细胞膜上的实验参见：Kamat, N.P.; Tobé, S.; Hill, I. T.; Szostak, J. W.(2015).Electrostatic Localization of RNA to Protocell Membranes by Cationic Hydrophobic Peptides.Angewandte chemie international edition, 54(40): 11735‐11739。
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VII 杰克·绍斯塔克发现RNA自我复制能够促进原始细胞膜扩增，参见：Chen, I. A.; Roberts, R. W.; Szostak, J. W.(2004).The emergence of competition between model protocells.Science, 305(5689)
:1474‐1476。
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VIII 杰克·绍斯塔克发现磷脂促进原始细胞膜吸收胶束，参见：Budin, I.; Szostak, J. W.(2011). Physical efects underlying the transition from primitive to modern cell membranes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(13): 5249‐5254。
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IX 脂肪酸合成参考文献：Dijkstra, Albert J., R. J. Hamilton, and Wolf Hamm. “Fatty Acid Biosynthesis.” Trans Fatty Acids. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2008. 12. Print.
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X 古菌合成类异戊二烯细胞膜，参见：Jain, S.; Caforio, A.; Driessen, A. J.(2014). Biosynthesis of archaeal membrane ether lipids.Frontiers in microbiology, 5: 641。
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第二十章
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I 人工合成铁硫蛋白参见：Mutter, A. C.; Tyryshkin, A. M.; Campbell, I. J.; et al.(2019). De novo design of symmetric ferre doxins that shuttle electrons in vivo.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(29): 14557-14562。
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II 能量转换氢化酶结构参见：Schoelmerich, M. C.; Müller, V.(2019). Energy conservation by a hydrogenase-dependent che miosmotic mechanism in an ancient metabolic pathway.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(13): 6329-6334;Shafaat, H. S.; Rüdiger, O.; Ogata, H.; Lubitz, W.(2013). [NiFe] hydrogenases: A common active site for hydrogen metabolism under diverse conditions.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics, 1827(8–9): 986-1002。
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III 尼克·莱恩和威廉·马丁关于原始细胞膜的能量代谢，参见：Lane, N.; Martin, W. F.(2012). The origin of membrane bioenergetics.Cell, 151(7): 1406‐1416。
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IV 能量转换氢化酶工作机制参考文献：Kurkin, S.; Meuer, J.; Koch, J.; et al.(2002). The membrane-bound [NiFe]-hy drogenase (Ech) from Methanosarcina barkeri: unusual properties of the iron–sulphur clusters.European journal of biochemistry, 269(24): 6101-6111; Forzi, L.; Koch, J.; Guss, A. M.; et al.(2005). Assignment of the [4Fe–4S] clusters of Ech hydrogenase from Methanosarcina barkeri to individual subunits via the characterization of site-directed mutants.FEBS journal, 272(18): 4741-4753。
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V 白烟囱假说对钠离子参与能量代谢的研究参见：Martin, W. F.; Sousa, F. L.; Lane, N. (2014). Energy at life’s origin.Science, 344(6188): 1092–1093。
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VI 钠离子梯度驱动物质能量代谢参见：Pisa, K. Y.; Weidner, C.; Maischak, H.; Kavermann, H.; Müller, V.(2007). The coupling ion in the methanoarchaeal ATP synthases: H+ vs. Na+ in the A1Ao ATP synthase from the archaeon Methanosarcina mazei Gö1.FEMS microbiology letters, 277(1): 56–63; Schiel-Bengelsdorf, B. M.; Dürre, P.(2012). Pathway engineering and synthetic biology using acetogens.FEBS letters, 586(15): 2191–2198。
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VII 逆向转运蛋白参见：Swartz, T. H.; Ikewada, S.; Ishikawa, O.; et al.(2005). The Mrp system: a giant among monovalent cation/proton antiporters?Extremophiles, 9(5): 345–354; Efremov, R. G.; Sazanov, L. A.(2012). The coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I—a structural and evolutionary perspective.Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1817(10)
:1785‐1795。
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VIII 原始海洋盐度参见：Knauth, L. P.(2005). Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean: implications for the course of microbial evolution.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 219(1-2): 53–69; Marty, B.; Avice,G.; Bekaert, D. V.; Broadley, M. W.(2018). Salinity of the Archaean oceans from analysis of fluid inclusions in quartz.ComptesRendus Geoscience, 350(4): 154–163。
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IX Maden, B. E. H.; Monro, R. E.(1968). Ribosome-Catalyzed peptidyl transfer: efects of cations and pH value.EuropeanJournal of Biochemistry, 6(2): 309–316.
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X Mulkidjanian, A. Y.; Bychkov,A. Y.; Dibrova, D. V.; et al.(2012). Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (14) E821-E830.
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第二十一章
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I 尤金·库宁的ATP合酶起源图景参见：Mulkidjanian, A.; Makarova, K.; Galperin, M.; et al.(2007). Inventing the dynamo machine: the evolution of the F-type and V-type ATPases. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 5(11): 892–899。
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II 六元环解旋酶的结构和作用参见：Patel, S. S.; Picha, K. M.(2000). Structure and Function of Hexameric Helicases.Annual review of biochemistry, 69(1): 651–697。
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III ρ因子与ATP合酶进化同源，参见：Dombroski, A. J.; Platt, T.(1988). Structure of rho factor: an RNA-binding domain and a separate region with strong similarity to proven ATP-binding domains.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(8): 2538‐2542。
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IV ρ因子工作机制参见：Adelman, J. L.; Jeong, Y. J.; Liao, J. C.; et al.(2006). Mechanochemistry of transcription termina tion factor Rho.Molecular cell, 22(5): 611‐621。
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