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I 用原子力显微镜看到了有机化学反应中的化学键变化，参见：de Oteyza, D. G.; Gorman, P.; Chen, Y.-C.;et al.(2013).Direct imaging of covalent bond structure in single-molecule chemical reactions.Science, 340(6139)
:1434-7。
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II 基金观察到的最远的天体，参见：Klotz, I.(March 3, 2016). “Hubble Spies Most Distant, Oldest Galaxy Ever”. Seeker. Discovery, Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2020。
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III 木星卫星的轨道共振产生了强烈的潮汐作用参见：Tyler, R. H.(2008). Strong ocean tidal flow and heating on moons of the outer planets.Nature, 456(7223): 770–772。
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IV 钻探木卫二的计划参见：Powell, J.; Powell, J.; Maise, G.; Paniagua, J.(2005). NEMO: A mission to search for and return to Earth possible life forms on Europa.Acta astronautica, 57: 579–593; Weiss, P.; Yung, K. L.; Ng,T. C.; et al.(2008). Study of a thermal drill head for the exploration of subsurface planetary ice layers.Planetary and space science, 56: 1280–1292; Weiss, P.; Yung, K. L.; Kömle, N.; et al.(2011). Thermal drill sampling system onboard high-velocity impactors for exploring the subsurface of Europa.Advances in space research, 48(4): 743。
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V 土卫二海洋参见：Platt, J.; Bell, B.(2014-04-03). NASA space assets detect ocean inside saturn moon.NASA。
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VI 土卫二的白烟囱参见：Waite, J. H; Glein, C. R; Perryman, R. S; et al.(2017). Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the En celadus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes.Science, 356 (6334): 155–159。
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VII 土卫二喷出物蕴含的有机物参见：Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn’s Geyser Moon.NASA, March 26, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008; Postberg, F.; Khawaja, N.; Abel, B.; et al.(2018). Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus.Nature, 558(7711): 564–568。
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VIII 银河系中的类地行星参见：Overbye, D.(4 November 2013). Far-Of Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy.New York Times; Petigura, Erik A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy G. W.(2013). Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(48)
:19273-8; Khan, A. Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets.Los Angeles Times. 4 November 2013。
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IV 格利泽832c参见：Wall, M.（June 25, 2014）. Nearby Alien Planet May Be Capable of Supporting Life. space.com,re trieved June 26, 2014。
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幕后
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增章一
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I 一个规律参见：Nelson, P.; Masel, J.(2017). Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(49): 12982–87; Wagner, G. P.(2017). The power of negative [theoretical] results.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (49): 12851–52。
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II 超过1万岁的南极海绵：Susanne Gatti (2002) “The Role of Sponges in High-Antarctic Carbon and Silicon Cycling - a Modelling Approach” . Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 434. ISSN 1618-3193。
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III 发现了四千岁的珊瑚：https://www.nature.com/news/2009/090323/full/news.2009.185.html
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IV 关于外肛动物门的群落，参见：Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D.(2004). Lophoporata.Invertebrate Zoology(7 ed.), 829–845。关于帚虫，参见：Emig, C. C. (2003). Phylum: Phoronida (PDF). In: Grzimek, B.; Kleiman, D. G.; Hutchins,M.(eds.) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 2. Protostomes (2 ed.), Thompson Gale, 491–495, Retrieved 2011-03-01。
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V 关于苔藓虫，参见：Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D.(2004). Lophoporata.Invertebrate Zoology(7 ed.), 829–845。
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VI 关于海鞘群落，参见：Munday, R.; Rodriguez, D.; Di Maio, A.; et al.(2015). Aging in the colonial chordate, Botryllus schlosseri.Invertebrate reproduction and development, 59(sup1)
:45–50。
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VII 仅就海鞘的衰老而言，参见：Sköld, H. N.; Asplund, M. E.; Wood, C. A.; Bishop, J. D. D.(2011). Telomerase deficiency in a colonial ascidian after prolonged asexual propagation.Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 316(4): 276-83; Brown, F. D.; Keeling, E. L.; Le, A. D.; Swalla, B. J.(2009). Whole body regeneration in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus.Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 312(8): 885-900; Sköld, H. N., Asplund, M. E.; Wood, C. A.; Bishop, J. D.(2011). Telomerase deficiency in a colonial ascidian after prolonged asexual propagation.Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 316(4): 276-283; Rinkevich, B. (2017). Senescence in Modular Animals. In: Sheferson, R.; Jones, O.; Salguero-Gómez,R.(Eds.).The Evolution of Senescence in the Tree of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 220-237; Laird, D. J.; Weiss man, I.(2004). Telomerase maintained in self-renewing tissues during serial regeneration of the urochordate Botryllus schlosseri.Developmental biology, 273(2)
:185-94。
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VIII 涡虫寿命重置参见：Tan, T. C. J.; Rahman, R.; Jaber-Hijazi, F.; et al.(2012). Telomere maintenance and telomerase activi ty are diferentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(11): 4209-14;Mouton, S.; Grudniewska, M.; Glazenburg, L.; et al.(2018). Resilience to aging in the regeneration‐capable flatworm Mac rostomum lignano.Aging Cell. 17
:e12739。海星寿命重置参见：Garcia-Cisneros, A.; Pérez-Portela, R.; Almroth, B.; et al.(2015). Long telomeres are associated with clonality in wild populations of the fissiparous starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina.Heredity, 115: 437–443; Varney, R. M.;Po mory, C. M.; Janosik, A. M.(2017). Telomere elongation and telomerase expression in regenerating arms of the starfish Luidia clathrata (Asteroidea: Echinodermata).Marine biology, 164, 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3230-x。
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IX 细菌利用外来DNA修复自己的DNA：Kowalczykowski SC, Dixon DA, Eggleston AK, Lauder SD, Rehrauer WM (Sep tember 1994). “Biochemistry of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli”. Microbiological Reviews. 58 (3): 401–65.doi
:10.1128/MMBR.58.3.401-465.1994. PMC 372975. PMID 7968921；Cromie GA (August 2009). “Phylogenetic ubiquity and shufling of the bacterial RecBCD and AddAB recombination complexes”. Journal of Bacteriology. 191 (16): 5076–84.doi
:10.1128/JB.00254-09. PMC 2725590. PMID 19542287；Morimatsu K, Kowalczykowski SC (May 2003). “RecFOR pro teins load RecA protein onto gapped DNA to accelerate DNA strand exchange: a universal step of recombinational repair”. Molecular Cell. 11 (5): 1337–47. doi
:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00188-6. PMID 12769856。
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X 关于细菌的衰老：Moseley, J. B. (2013). “Cellular Aging: Symmetry Evades Senescence”. Current Biology. 23 (19)
:R871–R873. doi
:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.013；Stewart, E. J.; Madden, R.; Paul, G.; Taddei, F. (2005). “Aging and Death in an Organism That Reproduces by Morphologically Symmetric Division”. PLoS Biology. 3 (2): e45. doi
:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045；Ackermann, M.; Stearns, S. C.; Jenal, U. (2003). “Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division”.Science. 300 (5627): 1920. doi
:10.1126/science.1083532；Watve, M., Parab, S., Jogdand, P., & Keni, S. (2006). Aging may be a conditional strategic choice and not an inevitable outcome for bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci ences, 103(40), 14831–14835. doi
:10.1073/pnas.0606499103。关于酵母的衰老：Jazwinski SM. The genetics of aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetica. 1993;91(1-3)
:35-51. doi
:10.1007/BF01435986；Aguilaniu, H. (2003). Asym metric Inheritance of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins During Cytokinesis. Science, 299(5613), 1751–1753. doi
:10.1126/sci ence.1080418。
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XI 剔除基因使酵母的寿命延长10倍参见：Wei, M.; Fabrizio, P.; Hu, J.; et al.(2008). Life span extension by calorie restric tion depends on Rim15 and transcription factors downstream of Ras/PKA, Tor, and Sch9.PLoS genetics, 4(1): e13。
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增章二
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Alberts, B.; Bray, D.; Hopkin, K.; Johnson, A.; et al.(2014).Essential cell biology(4th Edition), NY: Garland Science.
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Alberts, B.; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Morgan, D.; et al.(2014).Molecular biology of the cell(6th Edition), NY: Garland Science.
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