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20. Ibid.; J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002); J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind.
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21. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999).
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22. J. P. Lund et al., “Brainstem Mechanisms Underlying Feeding Behavior,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 8 (1998): 718–724; J. P. Lund and A. Kolta, “Brainstem Circuits That Control Mastication: Do They Have Anything to Say during Speech?” Journal of Communication Disorders 39(2006): 381–390.
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23. M. Onozuka et al., “Mapping Brain Region Activity during Chewing: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study,” Journal of Dental Research 81 (2002): 743–746; T. Tamura et al., “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Jaw Movements,” Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 30(2003): 614–622.
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25. Nolte, The Human Brain.
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26. B. Pfleiderer et al., “Visualization of Auditory Habituation by fMRI,” NeuroImage 17 (2002): 1705–1710.
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27. N. Osaka, “Walk- Related Mimic Word Activates the Extrastriate Visual Cortex in the Human Brain: An fMRI Study,” Behavioural Brain Research 198 (2009): 186–189; N. Osaka et al., “A Word Expressing Affective Pain Activates the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Human Brain: An fMRI Study,” Behavioural Brain Research 153 (2004): 123–127.
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28. L. Bidel, P. Jackson, and P. Rainville, “Brain Responses to Facial Expressions of Pain: Emotional or Motor Mirroring?” NeuroImage 53 (2010): 355–363.
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29. J. Munzert, B. Lorey, and K. Zentgraf, “Cognitive Motor Pro cesses: The Role of Motor Imagery in the Study of Motor Repre sen ta tions,” Brain Research Reviews 60 (2009): 306–326.
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第二章 双足、大头、小脸的超级杂食猿类
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2. C. B. Stanford, Upright: The Evolutionary Key to Becoming Human (New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2003).
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3. P. S. Ungar, F. E. Grine, and M. F. Teaford, “Dental Microwear and Diet of the Plio- Pleistocene Hominin Paranthropus boisei,” PLoS One 3 (2008): e2044; M. Sponheimer et al., “Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in Early Hominin Paranthropus robustus,” Science 314 (2006): 980–982; T. E. Cerling et al., “Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the Early Pleistocene of East Africa,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 9337–9341.
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4. J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009).
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5. M. S. Springer et al., “Placental Mammal Diversifi cation and the Cretaceous- Tertiary Boundary,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (2003): 1056–1061.
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6. Stanford, Allen, and Antón, Biological Anthropology.
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7. M. Cartmill, “Rethinking Primate Origins,” Science 184 (1974): 436–443.
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10. K. Milton, “The Critical Role Played by Animal Source Foods in Human (Homo) Evolution,” Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003): 3886S–3892S; S. B. Eaton and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications,” New En gland Journal of Medicine 312 (1985): 283–289; S. B. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited,” in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. W. R. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, and J. J. McKenna, 313–332 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
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11. S. L. Washburn, “Australopithecines: The Hunters or the Hunted?“American Anthropologist 59 (1957): 612–614, quote from 612.
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12. R. A. Dart, “The Predatory Implemental Technique of Australo pithecus,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7 (1949): 1–38.
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13. C. K. Brain, The Hunters or the Hunted? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
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14. J. D. Speth and E. Tchernov, “Neandertal Hunting and MeatProcessing in the Near East: Evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel),” in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 52–72 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
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