1700367900 5. M. S. Springer et al., “Placental Mammal Diversifi cation and the Cretaceous- Tertiary Boundary,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (2003): 1056–1061.

1700367901

1700367902 6. Stanford, Allen, and Antón, Biological Anthropology.

1700367903

1700367904 7. M. Cartmill, “Rethinking Primate Origins,” Science 184 (1974): 436–443.

1700367905

1700367906 8. R. W. Sussman, “Primate Origins and the Evolution of Angio sperms,” American Journal of Primatology 23 (1991): 209–223.

1700367907

1700367908 9. R. F. Kay, C. Ross, and B. A. Williams, “Anthropoid Origins,” Science 275 (1997): 797–804.

1700367909

1700367910 10. K. Milton, “The Critical Role Played by Animal Source Foods in Human (Homo) Evolution,” Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003): 3886S–3892S; S. B. Eaton and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications,” New En gland Journal of Medicine 312 (1985): 283–289; S. B. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited,” in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. W. R. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, and J. J. McKenna, 313–332 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

1700367911

1700367912 11. S. L. Washburn, “Australopithecines: The Hunters or the Hunted?“American Anthropologist 59 (1957): 612–614, quote from 612.

1700367913

1700367914 12. R. A. Dart, “The Predatory Implemental Technique of Australo pithecus,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7 (1949): 1–38.

1700367915

1700367916 13. C. K. Brain, The Hunters or the Hunted? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

1700367917

1700367918 14. J. D. Speth and E. Tchernov, “Neandertal Hunting and MeatProcessing in the Near East: Evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel),” in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 52–72 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

1700367919

1700367920 15. H. T. Bunn, “Hunting, Power Scavenging, and Butchering by Hadza Foragers and by Plio- Pleistocene Homo,” in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 199–218 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

1700367921

1700367922 16. H. T. Bunn and C. B. Stanford, “Conclusions: Research Trajectories on Hominid Meat- Eating,” in Meat- Eating and Human Evolution, ed. C. B. Stanford and H. T. Bunn, 350–359 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001),quote from 356.

1700367923

1700367924 17. S. B. Laughlin, “Energy as a Constraint on the Coding and Processing of Sensory Information,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11 (2001): 475–480.

1700367925

1700367926 18. Allen, Lives of the Brain.

1700367927

1700367928 19. J. W. Mink, R. J. Blumenschine, and D. B. Adams, “Ratio of Central Ner vous System to Body Metabolism in Vertebrates: Its Constancy and Functional Basis,” American Journal of Physiology 241 (1981): R203–R212.

1700367929

1700367930 20. Milton, “Critical Role Played by Animal Source Foods.”

1700367931

1700367932 21. Ibid.

1700367933

1700367934 22. L. Aiello and P. Wheeler, “The Expensive- Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution,” Current Anthropology 36 (1995): 199–221.

1700367935

1700367936 23. An alternative anatomical trade- off was proposed by Karin Isler and Carel van Schaik, who looked to see if there was a trade- off between brain size and gut size in birds. They did not fi nd any relationship between the two variables. However, they did fi nd a trade- off between brain size and some of the muscles used in fl ight: birds that engage in short fl ights or have high fl apping rates have smaller brains than those that soar or glide more. Even though muscle is not an expensive tissue metabolically, if there is enough of it, it can potentially be an important target for an energy trade- off. Isler and van Schaik hypothesized that there could have been a trade- off in hominid evolution if bipedality resulted in lower locomotor costs, which could have allowed more energy to be available to support a larger brain. K. Isler and C. van Schaik, “Costs of Encephalization: The Energy Trade- off Hypothesis Tested on Birds,” Journal of Human Evolution 51 (2006): 228–243. See also Allen, Lives of the Brain, 185–189.

1700367937

1700367938 24. C. M. Hladik, D. J. Chivers, and P. Pasquet, “On Diet and Gut Size in Non- Human Primates and Humans: Is There a Relationship to Brain Size?” Current Anthropology 40 (1999): 695–697; J. L. Fish and C. A. Lockwood, “Dietary Constraints on Encephalization in Primates,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120 (2003): 171–181.

1700367939

1700367940 25. F. H. Previc, “Dopamine and the Origins of Human Intelligence,“Brain and Cognition 41 (1999): 299–350.

1700367941

1700367942 26. S. C. Cunnane and M. A. Crawford, “Survival of the Fattest: Fat Babies Were Keys to Evolution of the Large Human Brain,” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 136 (2003): 17–26.

1700367943

1700367944 27. Ibid.; M. A. Crawford et al., “Evidence for the Unique Function of Docosahexaenoic Acid during the Evolution of the Modern Human Brain,“Lipids 34 (1999): S39–S47.

1700367945

1700367946 28. J. H. Langdon, “Has an Aquatic Diet Been Necessary for Hominin Brain Evolution and Functional Development?” British Journal of Nutrition 96 (2006): 7–17; S. L. Robson, “Breast Milk, Diet, and Large Human Brains,” Current Anthropology 45 (2004): 419–425.

1700367947

1700367948 29. C. B. Stringer et al., “Neanderthal Exploitation of Marine Mam mals in Gibraltar,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2008): 14319–14324.

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