打字猴:1.70036812e+09
1700368120 10. A. K. Outram, “Hunter- Gatherers and the First Farmers,” in Food: The History of Taste, ed. P. Freedman, 35–61 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), quote from 46.
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1700368122 11. J. E. Steiner et al., “Comparative Expression of Hedonic Impact: Affective Reactions to Taste by Human Infants and Other Primates,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 25 (2001): 53–74.
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1700368124 12. Available at www.ers.usda.gov/Briefi ng/Sugar/Data.htm#yearbook(Table 50).
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1700368126 13. S. B. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited,” in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. W. R. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, and J. J. McKenna, 313–332 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
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1700368128 14. F. W. Marlowe and J. C. Berbesque, “Tubers as Fallback Foods and Their Impact on Hadza Hunter- Gatherers,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 (2009): 751–758.
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1700368130 15. G. K. Beauchamp et al., “Infant Salt Taste: Developmental, Methodological, and Contextual Factors,” Developmental Psychobiology 27 (1994): 353–365.
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1700368132 16. M. L. Power and J. Schulkin, The Evolution of Obesity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 121.
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1700368134 17. L. Tanner, “Zoo Animals in U. S. Eating Healthier Diets,” 2008. Available at www.redorbit.com/ news/ science/ 1320274/ zoo_animals_in_us_eating_healthier_diets/.
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1700368136 18. N. Mrosovsky and D. F. Sherry, “Animal Anorexias,” Science 207(1980): 837–842.
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1700368138 19. J. J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (New York: Plume, 1980).
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1700368140 20. D. A. Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (New York: Rodale, 2009).
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1700368142 21. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002); D. U. Silverthorn, Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001); H. - R. Berthoud and C. Morrison, “The Brain, Appetite, and Obesity,” Annual Review of Psychology 59 (2008): 55–92.
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1700368144 22. Berthoud and Morrison, “The Brain, Appetite, and Obesity.”
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1700368146 23. E. R. Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Science of Fat and the Future of Thin (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002); R. S. Ahima, “Revisiting Leptin’s Role in Obesity and Weight Loss,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 118(2008): 2380–2383.
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1700368148 24. S. B. Heymsfi eld et al., “Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults,” Journal of the American Medical Association 282(1999): 1568–1575.
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1700368150 25. M. L. Power and J. Schulkin, The Evolution of Obesity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
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1700368152 26. A. Wiley, Re- Imagining Milk (New York: Routledge, 2011).
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1700368154 27. T. Kelesidis et al., “Narrative Review: The Role of Leptin in Human Physiology: Emerging Clinical Applications,” Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (2010): 93–100.
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1700368156 28. M. Rosenbaum et al., “Low- Dose Leptin Reverses Skeletal Muscle, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Maintenance of Reduced Weight,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (2005): 3579–3586.
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1700368158 29. M. Rosenbaum et al., “Leptin Reverses Weight Loss- Induced Changes in Regional Neural Activity Responses to Visual Food Stimuli,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (2008): 2583–2591. The analysis of the data from this fMRI study was a bit complicated in that there were scans done before and after weight loss and comparing subjects who had received leptin after weight loss with those who had received a placebo. For both the before and after conditions, multiple brain areas are activated upon viewing the food items, refl ecting the fact that food can be a complex stimulus simultaneously activating several cognitive networks.
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1700368160 30. Ibid., 2587.
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1700368162 31. A. J. Ho et al., “Obesity Is Linked with Lower Brain Volume in 700 AD and MCI Patients,” Neurobiology of Aging 31 (2010): 1326–1339.
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1700368164 32. J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, and H. Damasio, “Normal Neuroanatomical Variation Due to Age: The Major Lobes and a Parcellation of the Temporal Region,” Neurobiology of Aging 26 (2005): 1245–1260.
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1700368166 33. J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, and H. Damasio, “The Aging Brain: The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis and Hominid Evolution,” American Journal of Human Biology 17 (2005): 673–689.
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1700368168 34. S. Debette et al., “Visceral Fat Is Associated with Lower Brain Volume in Healthy Middle- Aged Adults,” Annals of Neurology 68 (2010): 136–144; S. Gazdinski et al., “Body Mass Index and Magnetic Resonance Markers of Brain Integrity in Adults,” Annals of Neurology 63 (2008): 652–657.
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