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10. A. K. Outram, “Hunter- Gatherers and the First Farmers,” in Food: The History of Taste, ed. P. Freedman, 35–61 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), quote from 46.
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11. J. E. Steiner et al., “Comparative Expression of Hedonic Impact: Affective Reactions to Taste by Human Infants and Other Primates,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 25 (2001): 53–74.
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12. Available at www.ers.usda.gov/Briefi ng/Sugar/Data.htm#yearbook(Table 50).
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13. S. B. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited,” in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. W. R. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, and J. J. McKenna, 313–332 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
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14. F. W. Marlowe and J. C. Berbesque, “Tubers as Fallback Foods and Their Impact on Hadza Hunter- Gatherers,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 (2009): 751–758.
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15. G. K. Beauchamp et al., “Infant Salt Taste: Developmental, Methodological, and Contextual Factors,” Developmental Psychobiology 27 (1994): 353–365.
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16. M. L. Power and J. Schulkin, The Evolution of Obesity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 121.
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17. L. Tanner, “Zoo Animals in U. S. Eating Healthier Diets,” 2008. Available at www.redorbit.com/ news/ science/ 1320274/ zoo_animals_in_us_eating_healthier_diets/.
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18. N. Mrosovsky and D. F. Sherry, “Animal Anorexias,” Science 207(1980): 837–842.
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19. J. J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (New York: Plume, 1980).
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20. D. A. Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (New York: Rodale, 2009).
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21. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002); D. U. Silverthorn, Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001); H. - R. Berthoud and C. Morrison, “The Brain, Appetite, and Obesity,” Annual Review of Psychology 59 (2008): 55–92.
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22. Berthoud and Morrison, “The Brain, Appetite, and Obesity.”
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23. E. R. Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Science of Fat and the Future of Thin (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002); R. S. Ahima, “Revisiting Leptin’s Role in Obesity and Weight Loss,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 118(2008): 2380–2383.
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24. S. B. Heymsfi eld et al., “Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults,” Journal of the American Medical Association 282(1999): 1568–1575.
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25. M. L. Power and J. Schulkin, The Evolution of Obesity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
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26. A. Wiley, Re- Imagining Milk (New York: Routledge, 2011).
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27. T. Kelesidis et al., “Narrative Review: The Role of Leptin in Human Physiology: Emerging Clinical Applications,” Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (2010): 93–100.
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28. M. Rosenbaum et al., “Low- Dose Leptin Reverses Skeletal Muscle, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Maintenance of Reduced Weight,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (2005): 3579–3586.
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29. M. Rosenbaum et al., “Leptin Reverses Weight Loss- Induced Changes in Regional Neural Activity Responses to Visual Food Stimuli,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (2008): 2583–2591. The analysis of the data from this fMRI study was a bit complicated in that there were scans done before and after weight loss and comparing subjects who had received leptin after weight loss with those who had received a placebo. For both the before and after conditions, multiple brain areas are activated upon viewing the food items, refl ecting the fact that food can be a complex stimulus simultaneously activating several cognitive networks.
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30. Ibid., 2587.
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31. A. J. Ho et al., “Obesity Is Linked with Lower Brain Volume in 700 AD and MCI Patients,” Neurobiology of Aging 31 (2010): 1326–1339.
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32. J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, and H. Damasio, “Normal Neuroanatomical Variation Due to Age: The Major Lobes and a Parcellation of the Temporal Region,” Neurobiology of Aging 26 (2005): 1245–1260.
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33. J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, and H. Damasio, “The Aging Brain: The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis and Hominid Evolution,” American Journal of Human Biology 17 (2005): 673–689.
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34. S. Debette et al., “Visceral Fat Is Associated with Lower Brain Volume in Healthy Middle- Aged Adults,” Annals of Neurology 68 (2010): 136–144; S. Gazdinski et al., “Body Mass Index and Magnetic Resonance Markers of Brain Integrity in Adults,” Annals of Neurology 63 (2008): 652–657.
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