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57. J. A. Mennella et al., “Sweet Preferences and Analgesia during Childhood: Effects of Family History of Alcoholism and Depression,“Addiction 105 (2010): 666–677.
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58. E. Stice et al., “Relation of Reward from Food Intake and Anticipated Food Intake to Obesity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 (2008): 924–935.
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59. E. Stice et al., “Reward Circuitry Responsivity to Food Predicts Future Increases in Body Mass: Moderating Effects of DRD2 and DRD4,“NeuroImage 50 (2010): 1618–1625.
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60. Some substances that we think of as drugs may be consumed in a food- like manner, thus confl ating hedonic drug and food mechanisms. See R. J. Sullivan and E. H. Hagen, “Psychotropic Substance- Seeking: Evolutionary Pathology or Adaptation?” Addiction 97 (2002): 389–400.
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61. M. R. Lowe and M. L. Butryn, “Hedonic Hunger: A New Dimension of Appetite?” Physiology and Behavior 91 (2007): 432–439.
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62. Ibid., 438.
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63. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
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64. J. J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls.
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65. J. E. Mitchell and S. Crow, “Medical Complications of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa,” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19 (2006): 438–443; S. Nielsen, “Epidemiology and Mortality of Eating Disorders,“Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24 (2001): 201–214.
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66. E. Lambe et al., “Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Defi cits after Weight Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa,” Archives of General Psychiatry 54(1997): 537–542; G. K. Frank, U. F. Bailer, S. Henry, A. Wagner, and W. H. Kaye, “Neuroimaging Studies in Eating Disorders,” CNS Spectrums 9(2004): 539–548.
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67. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
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68. C. M. Bulik et al., “Twin Studies of Eating Disorders: A Review,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 27 (2000): 1–20.
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69. S. Bordo, “Anorexia Nervosa: Psychopathology as the Crystallization of Culture,” in Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. C. Counihan and P. van Esterik, 2nd ed., 162–186 (New York: Routledge, 2008 [1996]), 170.
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70. W. H. Kaye, J. L. Fudge, and M. Paulus, “New Insights into Symptoms and Neurocircuit Function of Anorexia Nervosa,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (2009): 573–584.
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71. A. J. W. Scheurink et al., “Neurobiology of Hyperactivity and Reward: Agreeable Restlessness in Anorexia Nervosa,” Physiology and Behavior 100 (2010): 490–495.
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72. W. H. Kaye, J. L. Fudge, and M. Paulus, “New Insights.” Quote from page 581.
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73. M. N. Miller and A. J. Pumareiga, “Culture and Eating Disorders: A Historical and Cross- Cultural Review,” Psychiatry 64 (2001): 93–110.
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74. A. E. Becker, “Tele vi sion, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity during Rapid Social Change,“Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28 (2004): 533–559; A. E. Becker et al.,“Facets of Acculturation and Their Diverse Relations to Body Shape Concern in Fiji,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 40 (2007): 42–50.
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75. M. A. Katzman and S. Lee, “Beyond Body Image: The Integration of Feminist and Transcultural Theories in the Understanding of Self Starvation,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 22 (1997): 385–394.
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76. K. M. Pike and A. Borovoy, “The Rise of Eating Disorders in Japan: Issues of Culture and Limitations of the Model of ‘Westernization,’ ” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28 (2004): 493–531.
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第五章 关于食物的记忆
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1. A. Damasio, Self Comes to Mind (New York: Pantheon, 2010).
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2. L. R. Squire, “Memory and the Hippocampus: A Synthesis from Findings with Rats, Monkeys, and Humans,” Psychological Review 99 (1992): 195–231.
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3. J. R. Manns and H. Eichenbaum, “Evolution of Declarative Memory,” Hippocampus 16 (2006): 795–808, quote from 795.
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4. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002).
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