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3. J. R. Manns and H. Eichenbaum, “Evolution of Declarative Memory,” Hippocampus 16 (2006): 795–808, quote from 795.
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4. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002).
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5. See J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 92–99.
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6. R. Carter, Mapping the Mind (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); B. Carey, “H. M., an Unforgettable Amnesiac, Dies at 82,” New York Times, December 5, 2008; S. Corkin, “What’s New with the Amnesic Patient H. M. ?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002): 153–160.
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7. In a study I did with my colleagues Dan Tranel, Joel Bruss, and Hanna Damasio, we mea sured the size of the hippocampus in a group of patients who had experienced oxygen deprivation for various lengths of time. These anoxic events can result from carbon dioxide poisoning, a severe asthma attack, cardiac arrest, near drowning, and so on. The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation, and anoxic patients often suffer long- term amnesia. They retain their past memories, but their ability to form new memories is severely compromised. However, some anoxic patients have few or only mild memory problems. In mea sur ing the size of the hippocampus of these patients, we found that there was a strong correlation between the size of the hippocampus and whether or not, and to what extent, a patient suffered from amnesia. Individuals with more severe amnesia had had more of their hippocampus destroyed during the anoxic event, while those who were better at forming new memories tended to have a more intact hippocampus. A bigger hippocampus (in the sense of retaining more of the pre- anoxia hippocampus volume) was better in a functional sense. J. S. Allen et al., “Correlations between Regional Brain Volumes and Memory Per for mance in Anoxia,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28 (2006): 457–476.
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8. S. Cavaco et al., “The Scope of Preserved Procedural Memory in Amnesia,” Brain 127 (2004): 1853–1867.
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9. J. M. Fuster, “Cortex and Memory: Emergence of a New Paradigm,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (2009): 2047–2072.
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10. Ebert, Life Itself (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2011), 377–383.
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11. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), 221.
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12. K. M. Johnson, R. Boonstra, and J. M. Wojtowicz, “Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Food- Storing Red Squirrels: The Impact of Age and Spatial Behavior,” Genes, Brain, and Behavior 9 (2010): 583–591.
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13. Ibid.; D. F. Sherry, L. F. Jacobs, and S. J. C. Gaulin, “Spatial Memory and Adaptive Specialization of the Hippocampus,” Trends in Neurosciences 15 (1992): 298–303.
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14. H. J. Jerison, “Brain Size and the Evolution of Mind,” James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1991.
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15. J. A. Amat et al., “Correlates of Intellectual Ability with Morphology of the Hippocampus and Amygdala in Healthy Adults,” Brain and Cognition 66 (2008): 105–114.
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16. E. A. Maguire et al., “Navigation- Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (2000): 4398–4403; E. A. Maguire, K. Woollett, and H. J. Spiers, “London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: A Structural MRI Neuropsychological Analysis,” Hippocampus 16 (2006): 1091–1101.
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17. K. Woollett, J. Glensman, and E. A. Maguire, “Non- Spatial Expertise and Hippocampal Gray Matter Volume in Humans,” Hippocampus 18(2008): 981–984.
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18. T. L. Davidson et al., “A Potential Role for the Hippocampus in Energy Intake and Body Weight Regulation,” Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7 (2007): 613–616.
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19. N. Germain et al., “Constitutional Thinness and Lean Anorexia Nervosa Display Opposite Concentrations of Peptide YY, Glucagon- Like Peptide 1, Ghrelin, and Leptin,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85(2007): 967–971.
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20. S. A. Farr, W. A. Banks, and J. E. Morley, “Effects of Leptin on Memory Pro cessing,” Peptides 27 (2006): 1420–1425; J. Harvey, N. Solovyova, and A. Irving, “Leptin and Its Role in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity,“Progress in Lipid Research 45 (2006): 369–378; P. R. Moult and J. Harvey,“Hormonal Regulation of Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology and Synaptic Plasticity,” Cell Adhesion and Migration 2 (2008): 269–275.
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21. P. K. Olszewski, H. B. Schiöth, and A. S. Levine, “Ghrelin in the CNS: From Hunger to a Rewarding and Memorable Meal?” Brain Research Reviews 58 (2008): 160–170.
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22. Davidson et al., “Potential Role for the Hippocampus.”
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23. C. Messier, “Glucose Improvement of Memory: A Review,” Eu ro pe an Journal of Pharmacology 490 (2004): 33–57.
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24. Ibid.
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25. A. L. Macready et al., “Flavonoids and Cognitive Function: A Review of Human Randomized Controlled Trial Studies and Recommendations for Future Studies,” Genes and Nutrition 4 (2009): 227–243; J. P. E. Spencer, “The Impact of Fruit Flavonoids on Memory and Cognition,“British Journal of Nutrition 104 (2010): S40–S47.
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26. Spencer, “Impact of Fruit Flavonoids.”
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27. G. W. Arendash and C. Cao, “Caffeine and Coffee as Therapeutics against Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (2010): S117–S126.
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