打字猴:1.700622306e+09
1700622306
1700622307 到了15世纪,师徒口授的知识传播方式被永久改写。2 500年前,希波克拉底及其追随者创建了医学和外科学的基础;基督教时代早期,盖伦在那些论著的基础上继续前行,他的权威性在欧洲固若金汤,仅在伊斯兰的智慧宫受到了某些挑战。拉丁语译本和纸张传入欧洲,推动了经院哲学的诞生,促进了萨勒诺、博洛尼亚、帕多瓦、巴黎、蒙彼利埃和牛津等地高等教育机构的兴起。在15世纪中期,正当君士坦丁堡落入奥斯曼土耳其人手中,教堂变成清真寺的时候,印刷术的出现释放了一股知识的洪流:深刻见解、科学观察、星象图表、哲学沉思、宗教观点、政治批评以及有关人体的思考,包括对人体的构成、功能及其功能障碍,还有外科手术在什么情况下可以发挥作用的思考,纷纷涌现。世界上第一部伟大的医学教科书印刷本,将在1543年由一位29岁的天才精心制作出来,此书将永远改变医学,乃至整个世界。
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1700622309 [1] Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton. A Global History (New York: Knopf, 2014).
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1700622311 [2] Matt Ridley, The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge (New York: Harper Collins, 2015), p.120.
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1700622313 [3] Ibid., p.125.
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1700622315 [4] Kumar Srivastava, “The ‘Adjacent Possible’ of Big Data: What Evolution Teaches about Insights Generation,” Wired, Dec. 2014.
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1700622317 [5] Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010), p.31.
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1700622319 [6] Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.4.
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1700622321 [7] Mark Kurlansky, Paper: Paging Through History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p.13.
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1700622323 [8] Craig Kallendorf, “Ancient Book,” in The Book: A Global History, M. F. Suarez and H. R. Woudhuysen, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), p.49.
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1700622325 [9] Mark Kurlansky, Paper: Paging Through History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p.14.
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1700622327 [10] John Man, Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words (New York: MJF Books, 2002), p.24.
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1700622329 [11] 莱茵兰,德国西部莱茵河两岸地区。——译者注
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1700622331 [12] Ibid., p.48.
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1700622333 [13] Ibid., p.124.
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1700622335 [14] Ibid., p.124
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1700622337 [15] Ibid., p.164.
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1700622339 [16] Ibid., p.8.
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1700622341 [17] 易卜拉欣即《圣经·旧约》中的亚伯拉罕,是传说中古希伯来民族和阿拉伯民族的共同祖先。——译者注
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1700622343 [18] Mark Kurlansky, Paper: Paging Through History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p.26.
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1700622345 [19] Ibid., p.160.
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1700622347 [20] Steven Weinberg, To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p.101.
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1700622349 [21] Ibid., p.104.
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1700622351 [22] 哈伦·拉希德是马蒙之父,在位期间(786—809)同样大力发展文化学术研究。——编者注
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1700622353 [23] P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (London: Macmillan, 1937), p.315.
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1700622355 [24] Hillel Ofek, “Why the Arabic World Turned Away from Science,” The New Atlantis,Winter 2011, pp.3–23.
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