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[1] Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995),p.156.
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[2] Ibid., p.157.
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[3] Ibid., p.159.
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[4] Ibid., p.147.
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[5] Rudolf Virchow, “Morgagni and the Anatomic Concept,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Oct. 1939; vol. 7, pp.975-90.
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[6] Antoni Lewenhoeck, “De Natis’e E Semine Genitali Animalculis,” Philosophical Transactions (1665–1678). 1753-01-01. 12
:1040–1046.
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[7] Catherine Wilson, The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995), p.36.
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[8] Ibid., p.37.
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[9] Bernard de Fontenelle, p.9. https://books.google.com/books?id=VOqbtFnjR0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[10] https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vincent-van-gogh-sunflowers. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[11] E. I. 杜邦是美国大型化学公司杜邦公司的创办者。——编者注
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[12] http://ursula.chem.yale.edu/~chem220/chem220js/STUDYAIDS/history/chemists/perkin.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[13] “The Top Pharmaceuticals that Changed the World,” Chemical and Engineering News, vol.83, Issue 25, June 2005, https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325emergence.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[14] S. I. Hajdu, “Microscopic contributions of pioneer pathologists,” Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 41(2), 2011, p.201.
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[15] R. Ali Faisal, et al., “Hematoxylin in History — The Heritage of Histology,” JAMA Dermatology, 2017, 153(3), p.328.
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[16] Gary W. Gill, Cytopreparation: Principles & Practice; Essentials in Cytopathology (New York: Springer, 2012), p.207.
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[17] Johannes Steudel, Johannes Müller, German Physiologist, in Encyclopedia Britannica online, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Muller. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[18] Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p.310.
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[19] Ibid., p.320.
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[20] 桑葚胚，是动物胚胎发育早期阶段，受精卵经过多次分裂，形成由几十个或几百个细胞组成的、状似桑葚的胚胎。——编者注
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[21] Ibid., p.307.
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[22] 306.
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[23] 325.
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