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[14] 拉德克利夫医院，现为拉德克利夫人文中心，是一个坐落于伍德斯托克路上的教学楼，设有教师办公室、图书馆和教室。——作者注
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[15] Eric Lax, The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015), chapter 8.
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[16] William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p.131.
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[17] Ibid., p.135.
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[18] Robert Bud, Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007), p.36.
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[19] William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p.135.
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[20] Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p.341.
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[21] William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p.192.
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[22] 勒内·杜博斯后来因著作《人类是这样一种动物》获得1969年普利策奖。——作者注
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[23] Ibid.
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[24] Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff, “Streptothricin, a New Selective Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Agent, Particularly Active Against Gram-Negative Bacteria” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Feb. 1, 1942, 49(2), pp.207–10.
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[25] Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugle, and Selman Waksman “Streptomycin, A Substance Exhibiting Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria,” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Jan. 1, 1944, 55(1) pp.66–9.
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[26] William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p.211.
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[27] Ibid., p.268.
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[28] Ibid., p.303.
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[29] 拉什医生指美国建国初期的医生、政治家本杰明·拉什，曾使用水银和加拉藤制成缓泻药来治疗黄热病和精神疾病。——编者注
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[30] Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p.336.
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[31] William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p.256.
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外科的诞生：从文艺复兴到移植手术革命 第九章麻醉
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在美国，医务工作可能是最有益的因素。一个国家最大的财富就是人民的健康……医务工作的真正职责是延伸医学知识——当今的医学正在做什么、未来的医学能够做什么——而这需要共同努力来完成。
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——威廉·詹姆斯·梅奥[1]
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我遭受的巨大痛苦无法用言语表达……但是，令人绝望的凌乱心绪，暗无天日的恐惧，以及为上帝和人类所遗弃的感觉，一齐席卷了我的脑海并直击内心，让我永生难忘。
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