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波士顿公共花园的西侧是深受喜爱的儿童读物《让路给小鸭子》故事的发生地，在那里你能够看到潟湖上的天鹅船和联邦大道，那里矗立着乙醚纪念碑。这座40英尺高的花岗岩雕塑是为纪念1846年乙醚麻醉首次公开展示而设的。纪念碑的一侧镌刻着这样的铭文：“纪念人类发现乙醚的麻醉用途。公元1846年10月，于波士顿麻省总医院首次向世界证明。”多么精妙的措辞，抛开朗、莫顿、杰克逊和威尔斯的争议，简明扼要地强调了重点——1846年10月16日，在波士顿，人类向世界证明，乙醚可以让人失去痛觉，实现真正的麻醉。千百年来的人们使用花卉、草药、酒精，都未能使他们战胜疼痛。虽然现在大家都知道克劳福德·朗才是使用乙醚麻醉的真正先驱者，但是在波士顿的那一天，人类意识到自己终于战胜了疼痛，并确立了对意识的统治权。这是人类历史中最为神奇的时刻之一，曾经有多少人在剧痛中煎熬，眼睁睁看着外科医生对自己下刀。对于所有这些痛苦的患者来说，乙醚出现在麻省总医院穹顶中的那一刻都是卓越辉煌的，就像进入神明安排的梦境。
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[1] William Mayo, Collected Papers of the Mayo Clinic and the Mayo Foundation, vol. 13,(New York, Saunders, 1922), p.1274.
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[2] J. Ashhurst Jr., “Surgery Before the Days of Anesthesia,” in J. C. Warren, J. C. White, W. I. Richardson, H. H. Beach, F. C. Shattuck, W. S. Bigelow, eds. The Semi-Centennial of Anesthesia, October 16, 1846–October 16, 1896, (Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital, 1897), 27–37.
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[3] 戈耳狄俄斯之结出自希腊神话，传说绳结之外没有绳头，因此无法用正常方法解开它。现在用戈耳狄俄斯之结比喻非常规手段才能解开的难题。——编者注
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[4] Ann Ellis Hanson, “‘Your mother nursed you with bile’: anger in babies and small children,” in Susanna Braund, and Glenn W. Most, eds., Ancient Anger, Perspectives from Homer to Galen (Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, 2004), p.185.
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[5] https://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/morpheus-the-god-of-dreams/. Accessed October 4, 2018.
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[6] M. L. Meldrum, “A capsule history of pain management,” JAMA, 290(18), Nov. 12, 2003.
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[7] “麻醉”（narcotize）源于希腊语Narke一词，表示昏迷、麻木之意。——作者注
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[8] Ibid., p.2.
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[9] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.25.
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[10] https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[11] Ibid.
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[12] Ibid.
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[13] 燃素（Phlogiston）源于希腊语，意为被燃烧的。——作者注
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[14] Henry Guerlac, “Joseph Black and Fixed Air, a Bicentenary Retrospective, with some New or Little Known Material,” Isis, vol. 48, No. 2, 1957, p.125.
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[15] https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[16] Humphry Davy, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical: Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide (Bristol, UK: Biggs and Cottle, 1800), p.556.
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[17] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.54.
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[18] Ibid., p.55.
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[19] Ibid., p.63.
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[20] https://archive.org/stream/101495446.nlm.nih.gov/101495446#page/n1/mode/2up. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[21] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.65.
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[22] Ibid., p.67.
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[23] Ibid., p.68.
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[24] John Collins Warren, “Inhalation of ethereal vapor for the prevention of pain in surgical operations,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, December 9, 1846.
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