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[8] Ibid., p.2.
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[9] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.25.
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[10] https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[11] Ibid.
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[12] Ibid.
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[13] 燃素（Phlogiston）源于希腊语，意为被燃烧的。——作者注
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[14] Henry Guerlac, “Joseph Black and Fixed Air, a Bicentenary Retrospective, with some New or Little Known Material,” Isis, vol. 48, No. 2, 1957, p.125.
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[15] https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[16] Humphry Davy, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical: Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide (Bristol, UK: Biggs and Cottle, 1800), p.556.
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[17] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.54.
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[18] Ibid., p.55.
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[19] Ibid., p.63.
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[20] https://archive.org/stream/101495446.nlm.nih.gov/101495446#page/n1/mode/2up. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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[21] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.65.
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[22] Ibid., p.67.
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[23] Ibid., p.68.
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[24] John Collins Warren, “Inhalation of ethereal vapor for the prevention of pain in surgical operations,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, December 9, 1846.
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[25] Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.99.
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[26] Gordon, H. Laing, quoted in Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p.108.
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[27] http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/victoria.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
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外科的诞生：从文艺复兴到移植手术革命 第十章择期手术
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几乎每位患者都提到过手术室有多冷。我们将室温控制在大约15摄氏度，一来我们穿着多层的衣服和手术服会舒适一些，同时低温环境也有助于降低感染率。丽莎也不例外。她躺在病床上被推入手术室时，迷迷糊糊地醒来，喃喃地抱怨着冷。
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科恩医生是今天这台手术的麻醉指导。他在丽莎进入手术室前为她实施了神经阻滞麻醉。用针头慎重地刺入皮肤后，科恩医生根据超声波探头在电脑屏幕上的显示，引导着针头进入的路径，探索颈部周围组织的深度，当屏幕显示针尖接触到臂神经丛，也就是连接大脑和上肢的一束神经时，科恩医生向神经周围注入一管麻药。这个过程会使丽莎的手臂麻木，而且动弹不得。就在这时，我们小组接到通知，一路走向手术室。
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