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3.试述冠状动脉B型病变的特征。
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4.试述房室旁路消融的标测方法及成功判断标准。
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参考文献
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[2] 陈纪言,周颖玲,李光,等.79例经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术患者10年远期疗效评价.中华心血管病杂志,1999,27(2)
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[3] 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 52
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[4] Popma JJ, Berger P, Ohman EM, et al. Antithrombotic therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest, 2004, 126
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[5] Sidney C Smith, Jr Ted E et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 47
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[6] American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task force on practice guidelines, 2007 writing group, 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 51
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[7] Steinhubl SR, Topol EJ. Stenting for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet, 1997, 350
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[8] Callans DJ, Schwartzman D, Gottlieb CD, et al. Insights into the eletrophsiology of accessory pathway-mediated arrhythmias provided by the catheter ablation experience: Iearning while burning, part Ⅲ. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 1996, 7
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[9] 陈君柱,郑良荣,陶谦民,等.射频消融治疗预激综合征和房室结双径路200例报告.中华心律失常学杂志,1997,1(1)
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[10] 郑良荣,胡于健,陈君柱,等.预激综合征体表心电图旁路逐步定位法.浙江医科大学学报,1998,27(2)
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[11] 陈君柱,朱建华,张芙荣,等.经导管Rashkind双伞闭合器关闭动脉导管未闭.中华心血管病杂志,1995,23(3)
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[12] Thanopoulos BO, Laskari CV, Tsaousis GS, et al. Closure of atrial septal defects with the amplatzer occlusion device: Primary results. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998, 31(5)
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(朱建华 陈君柱)
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内科学新进展 第五节 细胞移植治疗充血性心力衰竭进展
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摘 要 充血性心力衰竭(CHF)发病率逐年升高,已成为威胁公众健康的一大问题。近年来大量基础和临床研究提示,干细胞移植是一种崭新的治疗方法,骨髓基质干细胞(MSC)具有良好的分化潜能,能分化为心肌样细胞、血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞,从而再生心肌和血管,延缓心肌重塑,改善心肌收缩功能和室壁顺应性,促进血管再生,建立有效冠脉侧支循环,提高心脏整体功能,既改善了血供又解决心肌细胞数量减少这一心力衰竭的根本原因;而且自体移植不受来源限制,取材方便、创伤小,也不存在免疫排斥和基因突变等安全性问题,因此作为充血性心力衰竭治疗的新途径有着广阔的前景。现就近年来国内外MSC自体移植在治疗CHF方面的研究进展作一综述。
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Abstract The incidence rate of congestive heart failure is annually increasing, which is threaten for the public health. In the recent years a large number of basic and clinical studies showed that stem cell transplantation was a new treatment. The bone marrow-induced mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have multi-potent to differentiate into cardiomyocytes andvascular endothelial cells. And smooth muscle cells, which contributes to myocardium regeneration, revascularization, and ventricular remodeling with the improvement of cardiac function and compliance. Withmore, MSCs transplantation promotes neoangiogensis, establishes coronary collaterals, improves global cardiac function and attenuates cardiomyocytes less, thus retard heart failure. Autologous MSCs transplantio transplantation is unlimited, available, easy taken, noninvasive, without no immune rejection, gene mutation or other safety problems. It is a new way to treat congestive heart failure with autologous MSC transplantation and with bright prospects. In this review, the development of autologous MSC transplantation in the treatment of congestive heart failure is in troduced as follows.
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一、前 言
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充血性心力衰竭是一个严重的全球性公众健康的问题,有着很高的致残率和致死率。据世界卫生组织统计,目前充血性心力衰竭发病率逐年升高,平均约2%,65岁以上达到6.4%,其发病率每十年增加一倍,因此在发达国家及一些疾病谱正向发达国家靠拢的发展中国家(包括中国),充血性心力衰竭已成为卫生健康工作者面临的主要问题之一。常见病因为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心肌梗死、未控制达标的高血压病、原发性扩张型心脏病等。当各种因素作用于心肌细胞引起不可逆损伤后,心肌细胞死亡,纤维组织形成,左室重构,最终导致心力衰竭。目前治疗充血性心力衰竭的方法主要有药物治疗、心脏再同步化治疗和心脏移植等。心脏移植近期效果满意,但受到供体来源少、创伤大、远期移植心冠脉粥样病变、排斥等因素的制约。近年来大量基础和临床研究提示,干细胞移植是种崭新的治疗方法,胚胎或者成体干细胞在梗死的心脏中可以分化成心肌细胞,参与新生血管形成,恢复心功能,显示出良好应用前景。干细胞的“干”译自英文 “Stem”,意为“树”、“干”和“起源”。顾名思义,干细胞即起源细胞。干细胞研究已成为生命科学中最活跃的研究领域之一。干细胞特性包括可无限自我复制和可分化为组成器官的多种细胞。根据分化能力可将干细胞分为多能干细胞和单能干细胞。多能干细胞可分化为任一种细胞,如胚胎干细胞。而单能干细胞只能沿一个细胞系分化,如造血干细胞。按照来源又可将干细胞分为胚胎干细胞、躯体多能干细胞(多数起源于骨髓,在脐血中也有发现)、躯体组织祖细胞(如卫星细胞、成肌细胞)。骨髓细胞表现出显著的异质性,含有骨髓造血干细胞、间充质干细胞和各种组织的祖细胞。骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)是一种多能干细胞,具多向分化的潜能,同时又具有获取方便、扩增能力强、免疫原性低、不受伦理学限制等优点,故而成为近年来细胞治疗和细胞工程的首选种子细胞。
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MSCs又称为髓基质细胞或间充质祖细胞,于1966年首次被Friedenstein发现,他从骨髓中分离出成纤维样形态的细胞,称之为骨、软骨祖细胞。它能分化成不同的间充质组织细胞如骨、软骨、脂肪、腱和肌肉组织。另外,MSCs还能分化成一些其他类型组织细胞,如肝、肾、血管内皮细胞、心肌和神经细胞。
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二、动物实验
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