打字猴:1.70062906e+09
1700629060
1700629061
1700629062 侵袭性肺真菌病的诊断与治疗是近年呼吸内科及相关学科研究发展迅速的一个领域,但仍有许多令人感到困惑的方面,如真菌病早期床边诊断方法,既安全又价廉的药物,抗真菌治疗的疗程如何判断等等,有待于进一步的研究来揭示。
1700629063
1700629064 【思考题】
1700629065
1700629066 1.试述真菌的分类,并各举一例子。
1700629067
1700629068 2.抗真菌药物可分为哪几类?并各举一例子。
1700629069
1700629070 参考文献
1700629071
1700629072 [1] Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B, et al. Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis, 2002, 34:7-14.
1700629073
1700629074 [2] Annie WB, Jane K. Systemic antifungal therapy: new options, new challenges. Pharmcotherapy, 2003, 23:1441-1462.
1700629075
1700629076 [3] Thomas J. Walsh, Elias J. Anaissie, David W. Denning, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2008, 46:327-360.
1700629077
1700629078 (沈毅弘)
1700629079
1700629080
1700629081
1700629082
1700629083 内科学新进展 [:1700626999]
1700629084 内科学新进展 第三章 消化系统疾病
1700629085
1700629086 内科学新进展 [:1700627000]
1700629087 第一节 胃癌基础研究的若干进展
1700629088
1700629089 摘 要 正常细胞发展为癌细胞是多基因突变累积和细胞内外分子环境发生重大改变的结果,其过程极为复杂。在上述情况下,正常细胞可能失去控制而形成肿瘤。恶性肿瘤不仅在原发部位生长,浸润累及邻近组织,而且能通过毛细血管、淋巴管等多种途径扩散到其他部位,生成同样类型的肿瘤,这个过程称为肿瘤的转移。它是恶性肿瘤的特征之一,也是导致肿瘤患者死亡的主要原因。转移是一个多阶段复杂的过程,肿瘤细胞需经过脱离原发瘤群体、黏附、降解、运动迁移、血管生成等一系列过程。总之,肿瘤的发生、发展及转移是一个多因素、多步骤、复杂的渐进过程,涉及一系列分子生物学变化,包括原癌基因的激活、抑癌基因的失活、细胞周期调节因子、基因的多态性、微卫星不稳定、端粒酶、细胞凋亡相关基因、细胞因子及其受体、细胞黏附分子、细胞外基质降解酶、运动因子及转移相关基因等。各个因素在不同的阶段或同一阶段的不同方面发挥其作用,同时相互之间存在复杂的协调、促进或制约的关系。胃癌亦是如此,其发生与遗传因素、免疫因素、社会经济状况、理化因素、感染因素尤其是幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori, Hp)等多种因素有关。值得注意的是,自从Hp发现以来,其在胃癌中的作用越来越受到重视。按照组织学差异,胃癌可分为肠型(或分化良好型,即腺管型)和弥漫型(或分化不良型,即无腺管形成的腺癌、印戒细胞癌及硬癌),两种类型的病因、好发部位、发生率及生物学行为和分子改变明显不同。因此,研究胃癌不同发展阶段的分子和基因表达变化不仅有助于阐明其发病机制,而且对于其预防、早期诊断、治疗及预后判断具有重要的意义。随着分子生物学尤其是基因芯片等技术在胃癌基础研究中的应用,目前已发现多种与其发生、发展及转移相关的分子和基因。本文重点回顾近年来有关胃癌发生、发展和转移相关的因子及其作用机制,以及Hp相关性胃癌的分子机制。
1700629090
1700629091 Abstract The process of normal cells turning into cancer cells is intricate, as is the result of accumulation of multiple gene mutations and great changes of molecular environment inside or outside cells. Under the conditions above-mentioned, normal cells may be out of control and result in tumorigenesis. Malignant tumors not only grow in the primary site and invade ambient tissues, but also can extend to distant places and develop into new tumors of the same kind via blood capillary, lymph vessel, etc, which is called metastasis. It is one of the features of malignant tumors, as well as the main cause of tumor suffers’ death. Metastasis is a complex multistep process that includes tumor cells abscission, adhesion, degradation, migration and angiogenesis, etc. In a word, the process of tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis is gradually, multifactorial, multi-phases and complicated, various molecular events and signal transduction pathways involved, including activation of oncogenes, inactivation of anti-oncogenes, regulation factors of cell cycle, polymorphism of genes, microsatellite instability, telomerase, apoptosis-associated genes, cytokines and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix degradation enzymes, motility factors and tumor metastasis-associated genes, etc. All the factors play a part in different stages or different aspects of the same stage of tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. Meanwhile, they promote, restrict or cooperate with each other in the procedure. So is gastric cancer. Many agents such as genetic factors, immune agents, socioeconomic status, physical and chemical agents, infect agents especially helicobacter pylori, etc, are related to development of gastric cancer. It’s notable that since helicobacter pylori was discovered, more and more attention has been paid to its role in gastric cancer. According to histological difference, Gastric cancer can be divided into intestinal type(well-differentiated type, i.e. cryptae type)and diffuse type(mal-differentiated type, i.e. adenocarcinoma with no cryptae, signet-ring cell carcinoma and scirrhous carcinoma), whose etiopathogenisis, predilection site, incidence rate, biological behavior and molecular changes are quite different. Therefore, to study the genetic and molecular changes of gastric cancer not only conduces to elucidating its pathogenesis, but also is very important to its prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis judgement. As the application of cell molecular biology technique especially gene chip in researches of gastric cancer, many related molecular factors and genes have been found. In this text, recent advances in associated factors of gastric cancer and their mechanisms of action were summarized, as well as the molecular mechanism of helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer.
1700629092
1700629093 胃癌是世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,我国胃癌的发病率和死亡率均居各种恶性肿瘤的前列。胃癌与社会经济状况、理化因素、免疫因素、遗传因素、感染因素尤其是幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori, Hp)等有关,因此胃癌的发生发展是多因素、多步骤、多基因变化的演进过程,各个因素或基因在不同的阶段或同一阶段发挥其作用,同时相互之间存在复杂的协调、促进或制约的关系。胃癌可分为肠型(或良好分化型,即腺管型)和弥漫型(或差分化型,即无腺管形成的腺癌及印戒细胞癌和硬癌),两种类型的病因、好发部位、发生率及生物学行为和分子改变明显不同。肠型胃癌好发于胃窦部,与Hp引起的慢性胃窦炎及肠上皮化生有关,常遵循慢性胃炎→萎缩性胃炎→肠上皮化生→异型增生→癌变的演变过程,而弥漫性胃癌多见于非萎缩性的胃体部,缺乏明显的前驱病变。因此,研究胃癌不同发展阶段的基因表达变化,不仅有助于阐明胃癌的发病机制,而且还能为进一步开展胃癌的基因诊断和基因治疗提供重要的理论依据。本章重点回顾近年来有关胃癌发生、发展和转移相关方面的基础研究的若干热点,及Hp在胃癌形成发展中分子机制,以指导和帮助临床上胃癌的早期诊断和预后判断,有助于了解胃癌治疗方向和前景。
1700629094
1700629095 一、与胃癌形成和生长相关的因素
1700629096
1700629097 胃癌发生的本质是细胞增殖的调节失控。在细胞周期中,G1→S→G2→M期相互转化过程中有多个关卡调节着细胞周期的演进速度,这些关卡受多种基因的调控。当这些基因出现异常扩增及突变导致过度表达,或表达下降、缺失都可导致基因组不稳或本应停止增殖的细胞不断越过关卡进入细胞增殖周期,引起细胞周期失控从而引起癌变。
1700629098
1700629099 (一)原癌基因
1700629100
1700629101 研究表明,胃癌的发生涉及ras、c-myc、met、k-sam、HER2/neu、c-erb-2、midkine及Reg等多种原癌基因,而且在不同阶段具有不同的基因表达改变,这些癌基因表达改变影响着胃癌的生物学和临床行为。
1700629102
1700629103 1.ras基因
1700629104
1700629105 人的ras基因家族包括同源的Ha-ras、Ki-ras和N-ras, 它们分别定位于不同的染色体上,但均编码分子量约21kD的十分相似的P21蛋白。P21蛋白具有内源性GTP酶活性,与细胞的信号传递、增殖和分化有关,由于基因突变而激活扩增,不断地向细胞内传递增殖信号,促使细胞分裂增殖过度。在日本某地胃癌高发区,Ki-ras突变率达20%~50%;欧洲亦以Ki-ras基因突变为主,突变率为21%;韩国、美国Ki-ras和Ha-ras总突变率分别为13%、18%。国内约33.3%~43.1%胃癌发生Ha-ras的点突变,78%~100%的突变发生于肠型胃癌,同样P21蛋白表达肠型胃癌高于弥漫型胃癌,且在肠上皮化生(intestinal metasplasia, IM)、异型增生(dysplasia)的胃黏膜呈过表达,表明P21蛋白可作为胃黏膜癌变发生的一个早期指标。对转移性肿瘤的研究显示,Ha-ras能诱导转移表型的转化和表达。胃癌中ras基因突变者局部淋巴结转移率为100%,而无突变者淋巴结转移率为66%,似乎在胃癌的转移中有一定作用。但ras基因的表达似乎并无肿瘤特异性,在发育不良、肠化生及消化性溃疡邻近的再生上皮,甚至在肿瘤附近的正常黏膜中同样呈高表达。总之,从现有资料看,ras基因并不是一个在胃癌中特异性很好的高表达基因。
1700629106
1700629107 2.K-sam基因
1700629108
1700629109 K-sam基因是从弥漫型胃癌的KATO-Ⅲ细胞系分离出来的,为编码酪氨酸激酶受体家族成员。低分化胃癌中检测到K-sam基因的扩增,而高分化胃癌和其他消化道肿瘤中未发现有该基因的扩增,并发现K-sam基因在弥漫型胃癌有过度表达,为形态学上两种胃癌不同的分子发病机制提供了证据。此外,K-sam基因表达与年轻妇女(<40岁)的胃癌淋巴结转移及浸润程度相关。
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70062906e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]