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（李成江 臧淑妃 冯烨）
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内科学新进展 第三节 糖尿病的若干进展
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摘 要 由于生活方式的改变和人口老龄化，糖尿病患者日益增多，糖尿病是威胁人类健康，可致残、致死的疾病之一。它是由遗传和环境因素所致的以高血糖为主的一组异质性综合征。糖尿病是一种有遗传易感性的内分泌代谢病，也是常见的老年病。
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现就1型及2型糖尿病的流行病学、诊断标准（根据中国糖尿病学会制定的2007年中国糖尿病防治指南）、分型、病因及发病机制（包括分子遗传、自身免疫、病毒等感染、肥胖、拮抗胰岛素激素增多及炎性因子等）、治疗包括生活方式干预（饮食控制、合适运动等）、应用口服降糖药（磺酰脲类、二甲双胍、α-糖苷酶抑制剂、噻唑烷二酮类、那格列奈及瑞格列奈）、各种胰岛素及其类似物（赖脯胰岛素、门冬氨酸胰岛素、甘精胰岛素等），胰腺或胰岛移植及其他新的治疗方法作一概述。
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Abstract As a result of the change life style and increase aging, the patients of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes are increasing, which has become one of the most daunting causes of sickness, disability and death in China.
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Diabetes mellitus is induced by genetic and environmental factors which is a heterogenetic syndrome manifested dominately by hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a genetic susceptible endocrine metabolic disease and is also considered as a common aged disease.
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The epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic diagnostic criteria（on the basic of 2007 edition prepared by the Chinese Diabetes Society), diabetec type classification, etiology and pathogenesis（including molecular genetics, autoimmune, virus and other infection, insulin gene and its susceptive gene mutation, increased insulin counter regulatory hormones, obesity and inflammation etc）and various treatments including intervention of life style（diet control, adequate exercise etc), application of oral antidiabetic drug（sulfonylureas, metformin, α-glycosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinedione, repaglinide, Nateglinide）different kinds of insulin and insulin analogues. Segmental pancreatic transplantation or islet transplantation and other therapies are briefly depicted.
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糖尿病（DM）是威胁人类健康，可致残、致死的疾病之一。它是由遗传和环境因素所致的以高血糖为主的一组异质性综合征。其依据：①临床有40余种罕见的基因异常疾病伴有糖耐量减低（IGT）或糖尿病；②糖尿病的患病率及临床表现呈明显的差异；③糖尿病的动物模型有明显的基因不一致性。
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糖尿病是一种有遗传易感性的内分泌代谢病，也是常见的老年病。
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一、糖尿病的流行病学
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WHO2007年报告全世界有糖尿病患者1.77亿，预测至2025年将增至3.07亿，DM成为世界的第五位死亡主因。新增加的患者主要在中国、印支次大陆及非洲等发展中国家。
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（一）1型糖尿病的流行情况
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1996年世界有1型糖尿病（T1DM）1千4百万，预计到2010年将达到2千4百万。
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