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3．生物制剂常见不良反应有哪些？
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4．使用生物制剂的注意事项有哪些？
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参考文献
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[2] Smolen JS, Van Der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, et al. Active-Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset（ASPIRE）Study Group. Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab: results from the ASPIRE trial. Arthritis Rheum, 2006, 54(3)
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[3] Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, et al. The PREMIER study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum, 2006, 54(1)
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[4] Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med, 2004, 350(25)
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[5] Kremer JM, Dougados M, Emery P, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the selective costimulation modulator abatacept: twelve-month results of a phase Ⅱb, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 52(8)
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[6] Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum, 2004, 50(6)
:1761-1769
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[7] Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet, 2002, 359(9313)
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[8] Davis JC, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, et al. Reductions in health-related quality of life in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and improvements with etanercept therapy. Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 53(4)
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[9] Sutter JA, Kwan-Morley J, Dunham J, et al. A longitudinal analysis of SLE patients treated with rituximab（anti-CD20): factors associated with B lymphocyte recovery. Clin Immunol, 2008, 126(3)
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[10] Mariette X, Ravaud P, Steinfeld S, et al. Inefficacy of infliximab in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: results of the randomized, controlled Trial of Remicade in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome（TRIPSS). Arthritis Rheum, 2004, 50(4)
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[11] Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, et al. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2006, 295(19)
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[12] Moreland LW, Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, et al. Etanercept treatment in adults with established rheumatoid arthritis: 7 years of clinical experience. J Rheumatol, 2006, 33(5)
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[13] Orpin SD, Majmudar VB, Soon C. Adalimumab causing vasculitis. Br J Dermatol, 2006, 154(5)
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（吴华香）
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内科学新进展 第三节 免疫紊乱性疾病概论
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一、免疫紊乱性疾病的定义和历史
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（一）定义
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免疫紊乱性疾病包括一大类临床特点各异，但具有共同病因和发病机制——针对自身抗原发动过度的免疫反应引起的疾病。据估计，至少约有80多种人类疾病中，自身免疫反应是明显的起始原因或主要原因。
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（二）历史
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免疫紊乱性疾病主要是指自身免疫性疾病，或也有人称之为胶原病、风湿病或结缔组织病中的发病机制涉及机体免疫功能紊乱的一类疾病。称谓的不同反映了不同时代人们看问题的角度不同和对问题认识的层次不同，也反映了人们对免疫学和免疫紊乱性疾病认识的不断深入。
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