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关于逆转录病毒及其生命周期的阐述,详见:chapter 3 of Retroviruses :Molecular Biology,Genomics and Pathogenesis ,edited by Reinhard Kurth and Norbert Bannert(Caister Academic Press,2010).
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关于尿嘧啶的外星来源说的描述,详见:“The Surface Composition of Titan,” American Astronomical Society,DPS Meeting (March 2012).
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关于病毒及其分类学的讨论,详见:A Planet of Viruses by Carl Zimmer(University of Chicago Press ,2011).
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关于猫免疫缺陷病毒(FIV)在美洲狮身体中的漫长演化史的阐述,详见:“The molecular biology and evolution of feline immunodeficiency viruses of cougars,” Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 123(2008).
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关于在非洲绿猴间传播的猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)的漫长演化史的推想,详见:“SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa:epidemiology,natural history,and evolutionary considerations,” PLoS Pathogens 9(2012)and “Island biogeography reveals the deep history of SIV,” Science 329(2010).
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HIV的多样性及其与抗药性的关联,其详细的讨论内容可参见:“HIV drug resistance,” New England Journal of Medicine 350(2004).
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使巴尔的摩获得诺贝尔奖的逆转录酶研究成果,详见:“Reversal of information flow in the growth of RNA tumor viruses,” New England Journal of Medicine 284(1971).
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鸡尾酒疗法(HAART)如何在1996年改变了世界对于HIV的治疗方法,此过程详见:“The art of ‘HAART’:researchers probe the potential and limits of aggressive HIV treatments,” Journal of the American Medical Association 277(Feb 26,1997).
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5 从抗癌战役中借来的武器
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对于“二战”是否延宕了环境因子对致癌的影响评估,详见:“Historical threads in the development of oncology social work,” Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 27(2009).
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关于早期将癌症污名化的详情及玛丽·拉斯克的传记细节,可参阅收藏于美国国家卫生研究院的The Mary Lasker Papers 。援引的内容则节选自20年前约翰·T.梅森专访玛丽的录音,此档案由哥伦比亚大学收藏,数字化档案可在“著名纽约人士”网站查阅(http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/laskerm/index.html)。
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关于玛丽如何说服美国国家广播公司对“癌症”一词的禁令,详见:“A Tribute to Mary Lasker,” Cancer News 48(1994).
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霍维茨第一篇研究齐多夫定(AZT)的论文:“Nucleosides. IX. The formation of 2’,2’-unsaturated pyrimidine nucleosides via a novel beta-elimination reaction,” Journal of Organic Chemistry 31(1966).
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关于DNA复制机制的权威著作:DNA Replication ,2nd edition,by Arthur Kornberg(University Science Books,1992.
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关于霍维茨博士的背景信息,来自下列来源以及对其同事与家族成员的采访。遗憾的是,霍维茨已于2012年9月6日去世。
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“The Inside Story of the AIDS Drug,” Fortune (November 5,1990).
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“The Story of AZT:Partnership and Conflict,” Scribd (2006).
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“一些非常有意思的化合物,只等待正确的疾病到来”,引自霍维茨:“A Failure Led to Drug Against AIDS,” New York Times (September 20,1986).
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布罗德尔的谈话与相关背景信息,皆援引自美国国家卫生研究院的在线数据库:“In their own words,NIH researchers recall the early years of AIDS,” http://history.nih.gov/nihinownwords/index.html.另一篇他所撰述的论文:“The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic,” Antiviral Research 85(2010).
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关于加洛于1984年出版的研讨会专著的详情,除了参考对其个人的采访外,还可参见:Virus Hunting:Aids,Cancer,and the Human Retrovirus:A Story of Scientific Discovery by Robert Gallo(1993).其他细节则来自海克勒的专访,该采访收录于:PBS Frontline program “The Age of AIDS ”(2006).
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加洛与其团队以HTLV-III来称呼现今所谓的HIV,此事可参见:“Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic references(HTLV-III)from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS,” Science 224(1984).
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安东尼·福奇的引述:“胎儿是有什么样的生活习惯,才会染上这种疾病?”来自美国国家卫生研究院的在线数据库:“In their own words,NIH researchers recall the early years of AIDS,” http://history.nih.gov/nihinownwords/index.html.
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有许多文献来源指出HIV患者于20世纪八九十年代广受歧视。下列文献记录了一些带有歧视的特定行为:
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“Ban on deadly kiss of life,” Sunday Mirror (February 17,1985).
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“AIDS:prejudice and progress,” Time (September 8,1986).
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