打字猴:1.700649211e+09
1700649211 关于细胞及其在免疫系统中扮演的角色,可参见一篇相当卓越的回顾:“CD4 T cells:fates,functions,and faults,” Blood 112(2008).
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1700649213 对“协和”临床试验的评判,详见:“After Concorde,” British Medical Journal 306(1993).
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1700649215 “罗氏制药付你们多少钱?”是玛格丽特·费舍尔所言,撷取自:“Once We Were Warriors:Activist Corpses Borne in Protest,Furtive Legislative Coups and the Devastation That Was Berlin,” Treatment Action Group (2002).该篇文章也陈述了1993年国际艾滋病大会乃为“最让人沮丧的艾滋病会议”。
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1700649217 1993年于柏林举办的第九届国际艾滋病大会的摘要与数据,可在艾滋教育全球信息系统网站中查询(http://www.aegis.org/DisaplayConf/directory.aspx?Conf=The%20International%20 AIDS%20Society-IAS)。
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1700649219 沙奎那韦首度由罗氏制药发表:“Antiviral properties of Ro 31-8959,an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)proteinase,” Antiviral Research 16(1991).
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1700649221 关于罗氏制药开发沙奎那韦的细节,详见:Ethics and the Business of Bioscience by Margaret L. Eaton(Stanford University Press,2004).
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1700649223 默克集团早期公布的(不正确的)蛋白结构,刊载于:“Three-dimensional structure of aspartyl protease from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1,” Nature 337(1989).
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1700649225 关于鸡尾酒疗法的效率,详见:“Long term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death:A prospective cohort study,” Lancet 366(2005).
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1700649227 有两篇论文指出鸡尾酒疗法可减少60%~80%的死亡:“A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less,” New England Journal of Medicine 337(1997),and “Treatment with indinavir,zidovudine,and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy,” New England Journal of Medicine 337(1997).
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1700649229 9 但是,医生,我不觉得自己生病了
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1700649231 圣克莱医院中HIV阳性患者的相关描述,来自笔者的观察。
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1700649233 关于哪个时间点进行抗病毒治疗才正确的争辩,详见:“When to start antiretroviral therapy—ready when you are?” New England Journal of Medicine 360(2009).
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1700649235 HIV的感染起始为一种单一的“创始病毒”所引发,此发现震惊了整个医学界。部分人士相信此创始病毒的特性,将导向新型疫苗的开发。此事首度刊载于:“Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(2008).
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1700649237 T细胞如何被HIV感染,并通过何种机制遭到破坏,详见:“HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells,” Nature 417(2002).
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1700649239 大部分HIV在肠道中进行复制,详见:“Getting to the guts of HIV pathogenesis,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 200(2004).
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1700649241 大量研究都已在肠道及其他黏膜组织中检测出淋巴细胞的密集网络,例如:“Overview of the mucosal immune system,” Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 146(1989).
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1700649243 关于黏膜中的淋巴细胞在H IV感染上的重要性的讨论,详见:“HIV pathogenesis:the first cut is the deepest,” Nature Immunology 6(2005).
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1700649245 让人惊讶的是,不管是通过黏膜路径(直肠或阴道)感染,还是通过静脉,其细胞的减少趋势相同。详见:“Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection,” Science 280(1998).
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1700649247 许多论文已指出感染后,肠道内的T淋巴细胞的破坏。早期发表的其中一篇:“Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy,” Journal of Virology 77(2003).
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1700649249 首篇探讨CCR5在病毒进入人体上的重要性,详见:“Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1,” Nature 381(1996).
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1700649251 HIV的包膜蛋白如何与人体细胞进行融合,详见:“The HIV Env-mediated fusion reaction,” Biomembranes 1614(2003).
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1700649253 每个人血液中的细胞数量变化相当大,计算其变化范围才会使数据有意义。此变化的平均数主要关乎性别和年龄,详见:“Laboratory control values for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes:implications for HIV-1 diagnosis,” Clinical Experimental Immunology 88(1992).
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1700649255 HIV每天约能复制出100亿个单体,详见:“HIV-1 dynamics in vivo:Virion Clearance Rate,Infected Cell Life-Span,and Viral Generation Time,” Science 271(1996).
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1700649257 HIV可通过直接或间接机制,引发细胞的大量死亡。关于细胞死亡的机制,详见:Cell Death during HIV Infection ,edited by Andrew D. Badley(CRC Press,2006).
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1700649259 停止抗病毒疗程将导致病毒的突变与抗药性的产生,详见:“Basic science kinetics of HIV-1 RNA and resistance-associated mutations after cessation of antiretroviral combination therapy,” AIDS 15(2001).
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