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[5]Sasabuchi, Y. et al. The Volume-Outcome Relationship in Critically Ill Patients in Relation to the ICU-to-Hospital Bed Ratio. Critical Care Medicine 43 (2015).
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[6]The Intensive Care Society. Levels of Critical Care for Adult Patients.1—12 (2009).
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[7]Fitzpatrick, L. Atul Gawande: How to Make Doctors Better. Time(2010).
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[8]Vainio, H. ＆ Morgan, G. Aspirin for the second hundred years: new uses for an old drug. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 81, 151—152 (1997).
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[9]Gawande, A. (2010). The Checklist Manifesto: How To Get Things Right. New York: Metropolitan Books.
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[10]Haynes, A. B. et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 360, 491—499 (2009). 9 Kahneman, D. (2011). Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
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[11]Kahneman, D. (2011). Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
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[12]锚定效应（anchoring bias），指当人们需要对某个事件做定量估测时，会将某些特定数值作为起始值，起始值像锚一样制约着估测值。在做决策的时候，人们会不自觉地对最初获得的信息给予过多重视。
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[13]Clinical Trials Gov. Using Wearable Technology to Predict Perioperative High-Risk Patient Outcomes (STEPS). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03328039 (2018) (Accessed: 22 September 2018).
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[14]Wong, D. J. N., Harris, S. K. ＆ Moonesinghe, S. R. Cancelled operations:a 7—day cohort study of planned adult inpatient surgery in 245 UK National Health Service hospitals. British Journal of Anaesthesia 121,730—738 (2018).
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[15]Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust. ‘Bed free ward’ in running for national award. http://www.cardiffandvaleuhb.wales.nhs.uk/news/42696 (2016)(Accessed: 22 September 2018).
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[16]Halpern, N. A. ＆ Pastores, S. M. Critical care medicine in the United States 2000—2005: An analysis of bed numbers, occupancy rates, payer mix, and costs. Critical Care Medicine 38 (2010).
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[17]Ridley, S. ＆ Morris, S. Cost effectiveness of adult intensive care in the UK. Anaesthesia 62, 547—554 (2007).
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[18]Vincent, J.-L. et al. Comparison of European ICU patients in 2012(ICON) versus 2002 (SOAP). Intensive Care Med 44, 337—344 (2018).
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[19]Extrapolated from Vincent, J.-L. et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 302, 2323—2329 (2009).
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[20]Molina, J. A. D., Seow, E., Heng, B. H., Chong, W. F. ＆ Ho, B. Outcomes of direct and indirect medical intensive care unit admissions from the emergency department of an acute care hospital: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 4, e005553 (2014).
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第二章 免疫系统
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[21]追踪感染发生的准确时间和地点几乎是不可能的。这是一种可能的解释，也是克里斯托弗的家人认为最有可能的感染方式。
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[22]World Health Organization. The WHO Global Health Estimates. WHO(2018).
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[23]Dagher, G. A., Saadeldine, M., Bachir, R., Zebian, D. ＆ Chebl, R. B.Descriptive analysis of sepsis in a developing country. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 8, 19 (2015).
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[24]Suarez De La Rica, A., Gilsanz, F. ＆ Maseda, E. Epidemiologic trends of sepsis in western countries. Annals of Translational Medicine 4,325 (2016).
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[25]GRAM, C. Ueber die isolirte Farbung der Schizomyceten in Schnittund Trockenpraparaten. Fortschritte der Medicin 2, 185—189 (1884). 6 Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Def initions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801—810 (2016).
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[26]Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Def initions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801—810 (2016).
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[27]Morgan, M. Immune f ingerprinting in acute severe sepsis (Cardiff University, 2014).
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[28]该典故出自童话故事《金发姑娘和三只熊》。
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