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[24]Suarez De La Rica, A., Gilsanz, F. ＆ Maseda, E. Epidemiologic trends of sepsis in western countries. Annals of Translational Medicine 4,325 (2016).
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[25]GRAM, C. Ueber die isolirte Farbung der Schizomyceten in Schnittund Trockenpraparaten. Fortschritte der Medicin 2, 185—189 (1884). 6 Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Def initions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801—810 (2016).
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[26]Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Def initions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801—810 (2016).
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[27]Morgan, M. Immune f ingerprinting in acute severe sepsis (Cardiff University, 2014).
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[28]该典故出自童话故事《金发姑娘和三只熊》。
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[29]Walker, L., Levine, H. ＆ Jucker, M. Koch’s postulates and infectious proteins. Acta Neuropathol. 112, 1—4 (2006).
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[30]Zhang, J. et al. Machine-learning algorithms def ine pathogen-specif ic local immune f ingerprints in peritoneal dialysis patients with bacterial infections. Kidney Int. 92, 1—13 (2017).
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[31]虽然她的感染症状是典型的通过家禽传播的症状，但还存在其他可能造成这种情况的原因。
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[32]Petersen, L., Andersen, P. K. ＆ Sørensen, T. I. A. Genetic influences on incidence and case-fatality of infectious disease. PLoS ONE 5,e10603 (2010).
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[33]囊性纤维病变（cystic fibrosis）由基因缺陷所致，它会导致细胞膜对部分离子（比如钠离子）的通透性降低，进而造成黏液分泌过多，而这些黏液不能自由流出呼吸管，造成肺部一再感染，肠道难以吸收营养。
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[34]Kuchenbaecker, K. B. et al. Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. JAMA 317,2402—2416 (2017).
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[35]Dillingh, M. R. et al. Characterization of inflammation and immune cell modulation induced by low-dose LPS administration to healthy volunteers. Journal of Inflammation11, 1697 (2014).
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[36]Diggins, F. W. The true history of the discovery of penicillin, with refutation of the misinformation in the literature. Br J Biomed Sci 56,83—93 (1999).
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[37]http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alexander_Fleming
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[38]Rothman, L. This Is What Happened to the First American Treated With Penicillin. Time (2016).
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[39]Turner, P. E. et al. Antibiotic resistance correlates with transmission in plasmid evolution. Evolution 68, 3368—3380 (2014).
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[40]Fiers, W. D., Craighead, M. ＆ Singh, I. Teixobactin and Its Analogues:A New Hope in Antibiotic Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 3, 688—690 (2017). 19 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance
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[41]https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance
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[42]Kmietowicz, Z. Few novel antibiotics in the pipeline, WHO warns. BMJ 358, j4339 (2017).
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[43]Kumar, A. et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a f ivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136, 1237—1248 (2009).这篇文章虽被广泛引用，但其实许多顶尖的败血症研究者质疑其成果。关于这些议题，下面这篇文章很好地进行了总结：Singer, M. Antibiotics for Sepsis: Does Each Hour Really Count, or Is It Incestuous Amplif ication? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 196, 800—802 (2017)。
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[44]Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Def initions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801—810 (2016).
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[45]Whyte, M. B. An argument against the use of Occam’s razor in modern medical education. Med Teach 40, 99—100 (2018).
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[46]Horror Autotoxicus and Other Concepts of Paul Ehrlich. JAMA 176,50—51 (1961).
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[47]Strachan, D. P. Family size, infection and atopy: the f irst decade of the‘hygiene hypothesis’. Thorax 55, S2—S10 (2000).
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第三章 皮肤与骨骼
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