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至于脑室有何作用，杜·劳伦斯谨慎地回避了这个问题，只是说这个问题“尚未被完全解决”。
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对于脑在思维产生的过程中发挥的作用，人们在探寻答案时显得犹豫不决。这表明历史上从来没有出现过一个“以脑为中心的时刻”，能让思想家们意识到思维产生的关键器官是脑而非心脏。与心脏相比，脑具有显而易见的复杂性，这强烈地暗示思想和情感应该定位于脑。但传统的惯性和日常经验的力量意味着，一些十六七世纪最伟大的思想家必然会持有相互冲突的观点。莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》的第3幕中的一首歌很好地总结了人们的困惑：
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告诉我爱情生长在何方？
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是在头部，还是在心房？[51]
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[1] Lind, R. (2007), The Seat of Consciousness in Ancient Literature (London
:McFarland), pp. 57–8.
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[2] Wallis Budge, E. (1972), From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt (New York: Blom), p. 15.
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[3] Alter, R. (2007), The Book of Psalms: A Translation with Commentary (New York
:Norton), p. 19, note 10, and p. 255, note 21.
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[4] Hultkrantz, A. (1953), Conceptions of the Soul Among North American Indians: A Study in Religious Ethnology (Stockholm: Ethnographical Museum of Sweden), p. 178; Spier, L. (1928), Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29. 巴布亚新几内亚的南法雷人中有吃掉死者尸体的仪式性活动，吃掉的部分也包括脑。这无意中导致了致命的神经退行性朊病毒病——库鲁病的传播，但脑在这种病传播过程中的作用并不比身体的其他部分更大，见：Whitfield, J., et al. (2015), Le Journal de la Société des Océanistes 141: 303–21。
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[5] Jung, C. (1983), Memories, Dreams, Reflections (London: Flamingo), p. 276.
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[6] 澳大利亚福林德斯大学（Flinders University）的雪莉·凯尔尼帮助我认识到了看似简单的问题的复杂性。令人震惊的是，在Horton, D. (ed.) (1994), The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press)中，脑、心智和心脏分别出现了2次、3次和11次，但均与思想的中枢无关。
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[7] Shogimen, T. (2009), in C. Nederman and T. Shogimen (eds.), Western Political Thought in Dialogue with Asia (Plymouth: Lexington), pp. 279–300.
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[8] Sanchez, G. and Meltzer, E. (2012), The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries (Atlanta: Lockwood Press); Finger, S. (2000), Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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[9] 1979年，朱利安·杰恩斯（Julian Jaynes）发表了The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind。在该书中，他引用了荷马所著的《伊利亚特》中的证据，提出意识是大约4000年前社会复杂性的产物。杰恩斯声称，人们在此之前是通过神的声音来体验意识的。无论是《伊利亚特》还是古希腊社会，都不能代表整个地球上世世代代的人类体验的总和，而且这两者也不支持杰恩斯的论点。狩猎采集者是人类历史的绝对主角，他们无论在过去还是现在，都跟你和我一样具有意识。见：Jaynes, J. (1979), The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Harmondsworth
:Penguin); Greenwood, V. (2015), Nautilus https://tinyurl.com/Jaynes-Bicameral。
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[10] Lloyd, G. (1991), in G. Lloyd (ed.), Methods and Problems in Greek Science
:Selected Papers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 164–98; Doty, R. (2007), Neuroscience 147: 561–8.
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[11] 这个学派也被称为“希波克拉底学派”。——译者注
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[12] Temkin, O. (1971), The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 5–10.
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[13] Gross, C. (2009), A Hole in the Head: More Tales in the History of Neuroscience (London: MIT Press), p. 26.
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[14] 卡帕多西亚是历史上的一个地区名，大致位于今天的土耳其东南部。——译者注
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[15] Temkin (1971).
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[16] Lisowski, F. (1967), in D. Brothwell and A. Sanderson (eds.), Diseases in Antiquity
:A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations (Springfield
:Thomas), pp. 651–72; Gross, C. (2002a), in R. Arnott, et al. (eds.), Trepanation
:History, Discovery, Theory (Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger), pp. 307–22.
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[17] Gross, C. (1995), The Neuroscientist 1: 245–50.
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[18] Von Staden, E. (1989), Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 26; Lang, P. (2013), Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt (Leiden: Brill), p. 258.
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[19] French, R. (2003), Medicine Before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 30–31.
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[20] Boudon-Millot, V. (2012), Galien de Pergame (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).
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[21] Gill, C., et al. (2009), in C. Gill, et al. (eds.), Galen and the World of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 1–18, p. 6.
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