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[3] Barrett, P., et al. (eds.) (2008), Charles Darwin’s Notebooks, 1836–1844: Geology, Transmutation of Species, Metaphysical Enquiries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 165.
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[4] Müller (1843), https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105993#page/53/mode/1up;Richards, R. (1987), Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 94; Swisher, C. (1967), Bulletin of the History of Medicine 41: 24–43, p. 27.
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[5] 这段类比源自法国医生皮埃尔—让—乔治·卡巴尼斯在18世纪90年代的一次演讲。19世纪后半叶,德国动物学家卡尔·沃格特宣称“心智活动仅仅是脑的功能,或者简单粗暴地说,思想之于脑,就如同胆汁之于肝脏或尿液之于肾脏一样”,这种表述从此变得非常著名。见:Vogt, C. (1855), Köhlerglaube und Wissenschaft: eine Streitschrift gegen Hofrath Rudolph Wagner in Göttingen (Giessen: Rider), p. 32; Cabanis, J. (1815), Rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme, vol. 1 (Paris: Caille et Ravier), pp. 127–8。
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[6] Barrett et al. (2008), pp. 291, 614.
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[7] 林奈学会成立于1788年,得名于瑞典博物学家卡尔·林奈,是一个研究生物分类学的协会。林奈学会出版动物学、植物学以及其他生物学期刊,同时也研究分类学本身的历史沿革。——译者注
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[8] Partridge, D. (2015), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116: 247–51.
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[9] Darwin, C. (2004), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London
:Penguin), p. 17; Bizzo, N. (1992), Journal of the History of Biology 25: 137–47.
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[10] Chadwick, O. (1975), The Secularisation of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 184.
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[11] Tyndall, J. (1875), Popular Science Monthly, February 1875, pp. 422–40, p. 438.
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[12] Harrington, A. (1987), Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 124.
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[13] Anonymous (1875), Popular Science Monthly , February 1875, pp. 501–4, p. 503.见:Tyndall, J. (1874), John Tyndall’s Address Delivered Before the British Association Assembled at Belfast, with Additions (London: Longmans, Green) 以及 Popular Science1875年2月期上的多篇文章。
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[14] Finkelstein (2014), p. 165; Finkelstein, G. (2013), Emil du Bois-Reymond
:Neuroscience, Self, and Society in Nineteenth-Century Germany (London: MIT Press).
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[15] Van Strien, M. (2015), Annals of Science 72: 381–400, p. 387.
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[16] Richards (1987), pp. 176–9.
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[17] “外质”是招魂术中的一个术语,指的是通过物理媒介“外化”的物质或精神能量。——译者注
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[18] Ibid., p. 178; Wallace, A. (1871), Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays (London: Macmillan).
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[19] Smith, C. (2010), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 19: 105–20, p. 118.
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[20] Lyell, C. (1863), Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (London: John Murray); Cohen, C. (1998), in D. Blundell and A. Scott (eds.), Lyell: The Past is the Key to the Present (Bath: Geological Society), pp. 83–93.
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[21] Lyell (1863), p. 201; Richards, R. (2009), in J. Hodge and G. Radick (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Darwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 96–119, p. 106.
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[22] 本条引述和后面两段中的材料来自Darwin (2004), pp. 86, 231, 240。
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[23] 和他的许多同时代人(包括达尔文)一样,赫胥黎也陷入了他那个时代的矛盾中。他反对奴隶制,但关于脑,他所持的观点又摇摆于天真幼稚和种族主义之间。在1865年写的一篇文章中,赫胥黎声称白人的脑比黑人的大,这导致了两者智力上的差异(他没有提供任何证据)。赫胥黎解释说,这种差异的结果是,“没有一个理性的人在认识到这一点之后,会相信一个普通的黑人在智力上比得上一个普通的白人”。他因此得出结论,无论采取什么措施来消除进步的阻碍,“我们这些肤色深暗的表亲都肯定无法跨入文明等级的最高位置”。赫胥黎在文章中还写道,在女性中,大脑大小的差异也会导致能力的差异。赫胥黎赞成消除所有系统性的压迫,但这并不意味着他认为男性和女性、白人和黑人具有同等的能力——他只是希望确保“不让不公正加剧不平等”。见:Huxley, T. H. (1898) Collected Essays , vol 3: Science and Education (London: Macmillan), pp.66–75。
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[24] Darwin (2004), p. 87.
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[25] 本条引述和后面几条引述来自ibid., pp. 74, 88–9, 151; Smith (2010)。
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[26] Huxley, T. (1874), Nature 6: 362–6; Wallace, A. (1874), Nature 10: 502–3; Wetterhan, I. (1874), Nature 6: 438; Anger, S. (2009), Victorian Review 35: 50–52.
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[27] Huxley (1874), p. 365.
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