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[12] Harrington, A. (1987), Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 124.
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[13] Anonymous (1875), Popular Science Monthly , February 1875, pp. 501–4, p. 503.见：Tyndall, J. (1874), John Tyndall’s Address Delivered Before the British Association Assembled at Belfast, with Additions (London: Longmans, Green) 以及 Popular Science1875年2月期上的多篇文章。
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[14] Finkelstein (2014), p. 165; Finkelstein, G. (2013), Emil du Bois-Reymond
:Neuroscience, Self, and Society in Nineteenth-Century Germany (London: MIT Press).
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[15] Van Strien, M. (2015), Annals of Science 72: 381–400, p. 387.
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[16] Richards (1987), pp. 176–9.
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[17] “外质”是招魂术中的一个术语，指的是通过物理媒介“外化”的物质或精神能量。——译者注
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[18] Ibid., p. 178; Wallace, A. (1871), Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays (London: Macmillan).
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[19] Smith, C. (2010), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 19: 105–20, p. 118.
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[20] Lyell, C. (1863), Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (London: John Murray); Cohen, C. (1998), in D. Blundell and A. Scott (eds.), Lyell: The Past is the Key to the Present (Bath: Geological Society), pp. 83–93.
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[21] Lyell (1863), p. 201; Richards, R. (2009), in J. Hodge and G. Radick (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Darwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 96–119, p. 106.
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[22] 本条引述和后面两段中的材料来自Darwin (2004), pp. 86, 231, 240。
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[23] 和他的许多同时代人（包括达尔文）一样，赫胥黎也陷入了他那个时代的矛盾中。他反对奴隶制，但关于脑，他所持的观点又摇摆于天真幼稚和种族主义之间。在1865年写的一篇文章中，赫胥黎声称白人的脑比黑人的大，这导致了两者智力上的差异（他没有提供任何证据）。赫胥黎解释说，这种差异的结果是，“没有一个理性的人在认识到这一点之后，会相信一个普通的黑人在智力上比得上一个普通的白人”。他因此得出结论，无论采取什么措施来消除进步的阻碍，“我们这些肤色深暗的表亲都肯定无法跨入文明等级的最高位置”。赫胥黎在文章中还写道，在女性中，大脑大小的差异也会导致能力的差异。赫胥黎赞成消除所有系统性的压迫，但这并不意味着他认为男性和女性、白人和黑人具有同等的能力——他只是希望确保“不让不公正加剧不平等”。见：Huxley, T. H. (1898) Collected Essays , vol 3: Science and Education (London: Macmillan), pp.66–75。
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[24] Darwin (2004), p. 87.
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[25] 本条引述和后面几条引述来自ibid., pp. 74, 88–9, 151; Smith (2010)。
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[26] Huxley, T. (1874), Nature 6: 362–6; Wallace, A. (1874), Nature 10: 502–3; Wetterhan, I. (1874), Nature 6: 438; Anger, S. (2009), Victorian Review 35: 50–52.
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[27] Huxley (1874), p. 365.
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[28] 本条引述和后面几条引述来自Huxley (1898), pp. 237, 240, 244, 191; also Huxley (1874)。
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[29] Richards (1987), pp. 352, 368.
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[30] 本条引述和下一条引述来自Lloyd Morgan, C. (1900), Animal Behaviour (London
:Edward Arnold), pp. 95, 93。
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[31] McGrath, L. (2014), Journal of the Western Society for French History 42: 1–12, p. 1.
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[32] Maudsley, H. (1872), The Lancet 100: 185–9, pp. 186–7.
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[33] Maudsley, H. (1883), Body and Will (London: Kegan Paul, Trench), pp. 101–2.
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[34] Hughlings Jackson, J. (1887), Journal of Mental Science 33: 25–48, pp. 37–8.
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