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[4] 克洛德·贝尔纳（1813—1878），法国生理学家，最早倡导用双盲实验来确保科学观察客观性的学者之一。——译者注
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[5] 这些引述来自 Sechenov, I. (1965), Reflexes of the Brain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 19, 86。
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[6] Young (1990), p. 205.
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[7] Sechenov (1965), p. 89.
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[8] Maudsley, H. (1867), The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind (New York
:Appleton), p. 83.
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[9] Ferrier (1876), p. 287.
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[10] James, W. (1890), Principles of Psychology, 2 vols. (New York: Holt), vol. 2, p. 68.
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[11] Smith (1992a), pp. 132–3.
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[12] Diamond et al. (1963), p. 41.
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[13] Smith (1992a), p. 134.
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[14] McDougall, W. (1905), Physiological Psychology (London: Dent), p. 103.
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[15] Diamond et al. (1963), pp. 40, 45.
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[16] Ferrier (1876), p. 18.
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[17] Anstie, F. (1865), Stimulants and Narcotics, Their Mutual Relations (Philadelphia
:Lindsay and Blakiston), pp. 86–7.
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[18] Smith, R. (1992b), Science in Context 5: 237–63.
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[19] Hughlings Jackson (1887), p. 37.
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[20] Smith (1992a), p. 154.
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[21] Lloyd Morgan, C. (1896), An Introduction to Comparative Psychology (New York
:Walter Scott), p. 182.
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[22] 法国画家安德烈·布鲁耶在1887年创作了一幅著名油画，名为《萨尔佩特里埃医院的一堂临床课》。这幅画作敏锐地抓住了这些事件背后的性别政治，在画中，夏尔科当着24名身穿深色西装的男性医护人员的面，对威特曼施了催眠术，威特曼的白色衬衫已经从肩上滑落。弗洛伊德拥有一份布鲁耶这幅作品的印本。见：Morlock, F. (2007) Visual Resources 23
:129–46。
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[23] Morton, W. (1880), Scientific American Supplement 256: 4085–6, p. 4085. 如果希望更了解夏尔科和同事的工作，以及神经梅毒在精神病的生物学模型的发展中起的重要作用，见：Ropper, A. and Burrell, B. (2020), How the Brain Lost Its Mind: Sex, Hysteria and the Riddle of Mental Illness (London: Atlantic)。
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[24] Goetz, C., et al. (1995), Charcot: Constructing Neurology (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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[25] Heidenhain, R. (1899), Hypnotism or Animal Magnetism: Physiological Observations (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner), p. 46.
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[26] Smith (1992a), p. 129.
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[27] Fletcher, J. (2013), Freud and the Scene of Trauma (New York: Fordham University Press), p. 28.
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[28] Freud, S. (1963), in P. Rieff (ed.), General Psychological Theory: Papers on Metapsychology (New York: Collier), pp. 116–50, p. 125.
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