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[24] Goetz, C., et al. (1995), Charcot: Constructing Neurology (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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[25] Heidenhain, R. (1899), Hypnotism or Animal Magnetism: Physiological Observations (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner), p. 46.
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[26] Smith (1992a), p. 129.
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[27] Fletcher, J. (2013), Freud and the Scene of Trauma (New York: Fordham University Press), p. 28.
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[28] Freud, S. (1963), in P. Rieff (ed.), General Psychological Theory: Papers on Metapsychology (New York: Collier), pp. 116–50, p. 125.
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[29] Crews, F. (2017), Freud: The Making of an Illusion (London: Profile), p. 448.
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[30] 可以预料的是，Crews (2017), pp. 435–51对这部作品持批判态度，而Makari, G. (2008), Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis (London: Duckworth), pp. 70–74对这部作品表示赞同。
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[31] 丹尼尔·托德斯著的《巴甫洛夫传》的开篇提到，这位伟大的俄国科学家“从未训练一只狗去听铃声流口水”。见：Todes, D. P. (2014), Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press)。
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[32] Todes, D. (2014), Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science (New York: Oxford University Press).
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[33] Helmholtz, H. von (1962), Helmholtz’s Treatise on Physiological Optics, vol. 3 (New York: Dover), pp. 3, 4.
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[34] Ibid., pp. 4, 27.
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[35] Ibid., p. 14.
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[36] 作者此处的意思是指只用一只眼睛。——译者注
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[37] Ibid., p. 6.
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[38] Heidelberger, M. (1993), in D. Cahan (ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (San Francisco: University of California Press), pp. 461–97, p. 493.
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[39] Cahan, D. (2018), Helmholtz: A Life in Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 532.
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[40] Arbib, M. (2000), Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43: 193–216.
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[41] Meulders (2010), p. 145.
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[42] Sherrington, C. (1906), The Integrative Action of the Nervous System (New Haven: Yale University Press); Swazey, J. (1969), Reflexes and Motor Integration
:Sherrington’s Concept of Integrative Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
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[43] Sherrington (1906), pp. 7, 16, 181.
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[44] Ibid., p. 238.
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[45] Ibid., p. 55.
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[46] Ibid., pp. 65, 113, 187.
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[47] 本段中的材料见：ibid., pp. 308–31, 352, 393。
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[48] Bastian, H. (1880), The Brain as an Organ of Mind (New York: Appleton).
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