1700675486
1700675487
[7] Loeb, J. (1912), The Mechanistic Conception of Life: Biological Essays (Chicago
:University of Chicago Press); Watson, J. (1913), Psychological Review 20: 158–77.
1700675488
1700675489
[8] Rignano, E. (1926), Man Not a Machine: A Study of the Finalistic Aspects of Life (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner); Needham, J. (1927), Man a Machine (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner).
1700675490
1700675491
[9] Meyer, M. (1911), The Fundamental Laws of Human Behaviour (Boston: Badger), p. 39.
1700675492
1700675493
[10] Russell, S. (1913), Journal of Animal Behavior 3: 15–35, p. 17, note 5.
1700675494
1700675495
[11] Ibid., p. 35.
1700675496
1700675497
[12] 约翰·海斯·哈蒙德（1855—1936），美国发明家，被誉为“无线电控制之父”，他在电子远程控制方面的开创性研究是所有现代无线电遥控技术的基础。——译者注
1700675498
1700675499
[13] 两者的英文单词分别是“Seleno”和“selenium”。——译者注
1700675500
1700675501
[14] Miessner, B. (1916), Radiodynamics: The Wireless Control of Torpedoes and Other Mechanisms (New York: Van Nostrand), p. 195.
1700675502
1700675503
[15] Loeb, J. (1918), Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal Conduct (London
:Lippincott), pp. 68–9.
1700675504
1700675505
[16] Miessner (1916), p. 199; Cordeschi, R. (2002), The Discovery of the Artificial
:Behavior, Mind and Machines Before and Beyond Cybernetics (London: Kluwer).
1700675506
1700675507
[17] Uexküll, J. von (1926), Theoretical Biology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner).
1700675508
1700675509
[18] Magnus, R. (1930), Lane Lectures on Experimental Pharmacology and Medicine (Stanford: Stanford University Press), p. 333.
1700675510
1700675511
[19] Uexküll (1926), p. 273.
1700675512
1700675513
[20] Lotka, A. (1925), Elements of Physical Biology (Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins), p. 342.
1700675514
1700675515
[21] Hull, C. and Baernstein, H. (1929), Science 70: 14–15; Baernstein, H. and Hull, C. (1931), Journal of General Psychology 5: 99–106; Krueger, R. and Hull, C. (1931), Journal of General Psychology 5: 262–9.
1700675516
1700675517
[22] Krueger and Hull (1931), p. 267.
1700675518
1700675519
[23] Baernstein and Hull (1931), p. 99.
1700675520
1700675521
[24] Ross, T. (1933), Scientific American 148: 206–8.
1700675522
1700675523
[25] Ross, T. (1935), Psychological Review 42: 387–93, p. 387.
1700675524
1700675525
[26] Ross, T. (1938), Psychological Review 45: 185–9, p. 138.
1700675526
1700675527
[27] Time, 16 September 1935.
1700675528
1700675529
[28] “电位”是神经科学领域对电势的惯常叫法。在静息状态下，神经元内外存在一个电位差，当这个电位差变小时，这个过程就被称为“去极化”（de-polarization）。作者此处使用的原文是“negative polarization”，直译的意思是“负极化”。由于神经科学领域主流的术语是“去极化”（作者后文中也用的是“去极化”），因此此处统一译为“去极化”。——译者注
1700675530
1700675531
[29] Bernstein, J. (1868), Pflüger, Archiv für Physiologie 1: 173–207; Seyfarth, E.-A. (2006), Biological Cybernetics 94: 2–8.
1700675532
1700675533
[30] Bernstein, J. (1902), Pflüger, Archiv für Physiologie 92: 521–62.
1700675534
1700675535
[31] McComas, A. (2011), Galvani’s Spark: The Story of the Nerve Impulse (Oxford
:Oxford University Press); Campenot, R. (2016), Animal Electricity: How We Learned That the Body and Brain are Electric Machines (London: Harvard University Press).
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.700675486e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]