打字猴:1.70067618e+09
1700676180 [16] 彭菲尔德还描述了一个丘脑中的小人,但他承认其“在细节上不能算准确”,见:Penfield, W. and Jasper, H. (1954), Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain (New York: Little, Brown), p. 159。后来的一位研究者在评论彭菲尔德的丘脑小人时说:“难以判别这些图示的任何科学意义。”见:Schott, G. (1993), Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 56: 329–33, p. 331。
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1700676182 [17] Hebb, D. (1949), The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (London: Chapman&Hall); Brown, R. and Milner, P. (2003), Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4: 1013–19.
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1700676184 [18] Hebb (1949), p. xiii.
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1700676186 [19] 这些引述和材料来自ibid., pp. 12, 62, 70, 76, 197, 166。
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1700676188 [20] 作者此处的表述不够准确,赫布的原始表述是如果突触前的神经元反复或持续地放电,并使突触后的神经元也放电,那么突触就会变强(也就是上一段段末引文的表述)。突触前后的神经元一起激活会导致突触变强(“一起放电的细胞连在一起”)的说法是后世科学家对赫布观点的总结和扩展。此外,“一起放电的细胞连在一起”的说法还有一定的误导性,因为这种说法忽略了赫布的表述中突触前后神经元在放电时序上的关系,两者并非严格意义上同时放电,而是一前一后。事实上,神经科学界普遍认为,这种时序上的先后在学习过程中扮演着重要的角色。——译者注
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1700676190 [21] Corkin, S. (2013), Permanent Present Tense: The Man with No Memory, and What He Taught the World (London: Allen Lane); Dittrich, L. (2016), Patient H. M.–A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets (London: Chatto&Windus).
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1700676192 [22] Scoville, W. and Milner, B. (1957), Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 20: 11–21, p. 11.
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1700676194 [23] Milner, B., et al. (1968). Neuropsychologia 6: 215–34, p. 217.
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1700676196 [24] 米尔纳于2018年度过了她的100岁生日,她在90多岁高龄时仍能保持工作状态。
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1700676198 [25] Scoville and Milner (1957).
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1700676200 [26] Shepherd, G. (2010), Creating Modern Neuroscience: The Revolutionary 1950s (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 173. 我发现这本佳作有无与伦比的价值。
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1700676202 [27] Dittrich (2016), p. 233.
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1700676204 [28] Milner et al. (1968); Dittrich (2016).
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1700676206 [29] Scoville and Milner (1957).
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1700676208 [30] Annese, J., et al. (2014), Nature Communications 5: 3122.
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1700676210 [31] 2016年,记者卢克·迪特里希(斯科维尔的外孙)对科学家对待HM的方式提出了一系列的伦理质疑,尤其是苏珊·科金所扮演的角色。这些问题主要涉及利益冲突、病人知情同意以及数据所有权等方面,包括科金涉嫌破坏与HM有关的数据。心理学家对此的反应是坚决为科金的行为辩护。见:Dittrich, L. (2016), Patient H. M.–A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets (London: Chatto&Windus)。
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1700676212 [32] Dittrich (2016), p. 230.
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1700676214 [33] Tolman, E. (1949), Psychological Review 55: 189–208.
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1700676216 [34] O’Keefe, J. (2014), The Nobel Prizes 2014, pp. 275–307.
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1700676218 [35] O’Keefe, J. and Dostrovsky, J. (1971), Brain Research 34: 171–5, p. 174.
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1700676220 [36] Yartsev, M. and Ulanovsky, N. (2013), Science 340: 367–72.
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1700676222 [37] Hafting, T., et al. (2005), Nature 436: 801–6; Moser, E., et al. (2008), Annual Review of Neuroscience 31: 69–89.
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1700676224 [38] O’Keefe (2014); Moser, E. (2014), https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/edvard-moser/lecture; Moser, M.-B. (2014), https://www.nobelprize. org/prizes/medicine/2014/may-britt-moser/lecture.
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1700676226 [39] Maguire, E., et al. (1998), Science 280: 921–4; Maguire, E., et al. (2000), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97: 4398–403.
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1700676228 [40] Butler, W., et al. (2019), Science 363: 1447–52; Baraduc, P., et al. (2019), Science 363: 635–9.
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