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[46] Marcus, G. (2015), in G. Marcus and J. Freeman (eds.), The Future of the Brain
:Essays by the World’s Leading Neuroscientists (Oxford: Princeton University Press),pp. 204–15, p. 206.
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[47] Hassabis, D., et al. (2017), Neuron 95: 245–58.
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[48] Silver, D., et al. (2016), Nature 529: 484–9.
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[49] O’Doherty, J., et al. (2003), Neuron 38: 329–37.
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[50] 理查德·阿克塞尔，美国神经科学家，因为对嗅觉受体和嗅觉系统的组织方式的研究与他曾经的博士后琳达·巴克分享了2004年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。——译者注
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[51] Caron, S., et al. (2013), Nature 497: 113–17.
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[52] Aso, Y., et al. (2014), eLife 3: e04577.
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[53] Thum, A. and Gerber, B. (2019), Current Opinion in Neurobiology 54: 146–54.
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[54] Ullman, S. (2019), Science 363: 692–3.对系统神经科学家更关注深度学习研究结果的呼吁，见：Richards, B. (2019), Nature Neuroscience 22: 1761–70。
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[55] 你可能有过类似的经历，至少我有。我在8岁时吃了花椰菜后感到恶心，直到30多岁的时候才能再吃这种东西。
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[56] Sejnowksi and Rosenberg (1987), p. 157.
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[57] Hutson, M. (2018), https://tinyurl.com/AI-alchemy. 如果想了解听众们被激怒的反应，见：Sejnowski, T. (2015), Daedalus 144: 123–32, p. 122。
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[58] 货物崇拜是一种宗教形式，出现于一些与世隔绝的原住民中。当外来的先进科技物品出现时，这些原住民会将其当作神祇崇拜。——译者注
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[59] https://tinyurl.com/Hinton-quote.
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[60] Crick (1989). 1963年，克里克发表了一篇关于分子遗传学突破性进展的文章，题为《编码难题之近期佳讯》。
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[61] 虽然在某些情况下神经调质可以在生物系统中产生反向传播效应，但在绝大多数情况下，神经元的活动是由经典的从树突到轴突传播的动作电位形成的，这与PDP模型不同，后者通常使用对称的前向和后向的效应。见：Jansen, R., et al. (1996), Journal of Neurophysiology 76
:4206–9。
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[62] Ibid., p. 130.
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[63] Ibid., p. 132.
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[64] Husbands, P., et al. (1998), Connection Science 10: 185–210.
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[65] Lillicrap, T., et al. (2016), Nature Communications 7: 13276.
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[66] LeCun et al. (2015).
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[67] Wilson, M. and Bower, J. (1992), Journal of Neurophysiology 67: 981–95.
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[68] Bower, J. (1994), in J. Bower and D. Beeman (eds.), The Book of GENESIS
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[69] Markram, H., et al. (2011), Procedia Computing Science 7: 39–42, p. 40.
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[70] Kandel, E., et al. (2013), Nature Neuroscience 14: 659–66, p. 659; Hill, S. (2015), in G. Marcus and J. Freeman (eds.), The Future of the Brain: Essays by the World’s Leading Neuroscientists (Oxford: Princeton University Press), pp. 111–24.
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