打字猴:1.7006774e+09
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1700677401 [49] Leshner, A. (1997), Science 278: 45–7.
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1700677403 [50] 作者此处似有误,根据能够查到的资料(包括作者此处引用的本章第39条参考文献列出的两篇论文),无论是阿片类药物还是苯二氮䓬类药物,在此处的效应都是抑制作用于多巴胺能神经元的GABA神经元(这些神经元对多巴胺能神经元的活动起抑制作用),进而改变多巴胺能神经元的放电模式。——译者注
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1700677405 [51] Nutt, D., et al. (2015), Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16: 305–12.
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1700677407 [52] Lüscher, C. and Malenka, R. (2011), Neuron 69: 650–63; Sulzer, D. (2011), Neuron 69: 628–49.
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1700677409 [53] Volkow, N., et al. (2016), New England Journal of Medicine 374: 363–71.
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1700677411 [54] Observer , 4 March 2018.
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1700677413 [55] Koepp, M., et al. (1998), Nature 393: 266–8.
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1700677415 [56] Kirk, S. and Kutchins, H. (1992), The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry (New York: Aldine de Gruyter); Decker, H. (2013), The Making of DSM-III. A Diagnostic Manual’s Conquest of American Psychiatry (New York: Oxford University Press); Stein, D., et al. (2010), Psychological Medicine 40: 1759–65.
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1700677417 [57] Andrews, P., et al. (2015), Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 51: 164–88.
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1700677419 [58] Howard, D., et al. (2019), Nature Neuroscience 22: 343–52, p. 350.
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1700677421 [59] 如果医生给你开了SSRI或其他治疗精神健康问题的药物,请不要在没有咨询医生的情况下停止服药。
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1700677423 [60] Gøtsche, P. (2014), The Lancet Psychiatry 1: 104–6; Nutt, D., et al. (2014), The Lancet Psychiatry 1: 102–4.
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1700677425 [61] McGrath, C., et al. (2013), JAMA Psychiatry 70: 821–9这篇论文的目标正是如此。
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1700677427 [62] Schildkraut, J. (1965), American Journal of Psychiatry 122: 509–22; Coppen, A. (1967), British Journal of Psychiatry 113: 1237–64, p. 1258.
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1700677429 [63] Mendels, J. and Frazer, A. (1974), Archives of General Psychiatry 30: 447–51.
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1700677431 [64] Van Praag, H. and de Haan, S. (1979), Psychiatry Research 1: 219–24.
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1700677433 [65] 我找到的最早的关于该表述的引文是Lurie, S. (1991), American Journal of Psychotherapy 45: 348–58。France, C., et al. (2007), Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 38: 411–20试图找到这个概念的起源,但也只能追溯到1991年。这个表述迅速进入了大众文化。1992年,在情景喜剧《宋飞正传》的第4季第6集中,杰瑞·宋飞在提到另一个角色时说:“他不是疯了,他有化学失衡。”
1700677434
1700677435 [66] 在1621年出版的《忧郁的解剖》(The Anatomy of Melancholy)一书中,作者罗伯特·伯顿描述了体液和心智是如何相互作用进而引发忧郁症状的:“当身体通过它的坏体液影响心灵时,它扰乱了精神,把恶劣的烟气送进了脑中,结果是灵魂以及它的所有官能被扰乱,从而引发恐惧、悲伤等这类疾病的常见症状;另一方面,心灵也会对身体产生相当明显的影响——通过一个人的激情和情感波动引发神奇的转变,如忧郁、绝望以及严重的疾病,有时甚至是死亡。”如果你把“坏体液”替换为“5—羟色胺”并用现代的拼写方式和语法来表述这段话,那么这段话和你今天读到的一些东西并不会有太大不同。见:Burton, R. (1621), The Anatomy of Melancholy, What it Is. With All the Kindes, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Severall Causes of It (Oxford: Cripps), p. 119。
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1700677437 [67] “我背上的猴子”的说法源自1957年的同名电影,这部传记电影根据二战英雄和职业拳击手巴尼·罗斯的经历改编,片中有罗斯对吗啡上瘾的情节。——译者注
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1700677439 [68] Leo, J. and Lacasse, J. (2008), Society 45: 35–45.对于精神病学界如何接纳这个概念,以及顶级精神病学家对此提出的精彩评论,见:Lacasse, J. and Leo, J. (2015), The Behavior Therapist 38: 206–13, Pies, R. (2015), The Behavior Therapist 38: 260–2, and Carlat, D. (2015), The Behavior Therapist 38: 262–3。拉 卡 斯(Lacasse)和里奥(Leo)在同一期期刊pp. 263–6上针对评论给出了回复。皮斯(Pies)继续坚定地指出,精神病学家们从未真正采纳过这个理论,见:https://tinyurl.com/imbalance-myth。
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1700677441 [69] Fibiger, H. (2012), Schizophrenia Bulletin 38: 649–50.
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1700677443 [70] Rose, N. (2019), Our Psychiatric Future: The Politics of Mental Health (Cambridge:Polity).
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1700677445 [71] De Kovel, C. and Francks, C. (2019), Scientific Reports 9: 5986.
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1700677447 [72] Border, R., et al. (2019), American Journal of Psychiatry 176: 376–87.
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1700677449 [73] Mitchell, K. (2015), in G. Marcus and J. Freeman (eds.), The Future of the Brain:Essays by the World’s Leading Neuroscientists (Oxford: Princeton University Press), pp. 234–42; Mitchell, K. (2018), Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are (Oxford: Princeton University Press).
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