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[20] Gregory (1981), p. 187.
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[21] Turkheimer, F. (2019), Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 99: 3–10.
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[22] Daugman, J. (1990), in E. Schwartz (ed.), Computational Neuroscience (London
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[23] 过度热情地应用最新的技术来解释脑存在风险，这一点可以从卡尔·普里布拉姆（Karl Pribram）的观点中看出来。他在20世纪六七十年代的一系列文章中提出：“除了其他东西外，脑可能还会利用到当前已知最复杂的信息存储原理——全息图原理。”然而情况并非如此。见：Pribram,K. (1969), Scientific American 220(1)
:73–86。
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[24] Brooks, R. (2015), in J. Brockman (ed.), This Idea Must Die: Scientific Theories That Are Blocking Progress (New York: HarperPerennial), pp. 295–8; Johansson, S. (1993), in H. Haken, et al. (eds.), The Machine as Metaphor and Tool (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), pp. 9–44, p. 38.
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[25] Carandini, M. (2015), in G. Marcus and J. Freeman (eds.), The Future of the Brain
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[26] Crick (1989), p. 132. 克里克引用了Churchland and Sejnowski (1988)作为这个观点的起源，但我没有找到他们做出过这样的比较。Brown, J. (2014), Frontiers in Neuroscience 8: 349.
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[27] Jonas, E. and Kording, K. (2017), PLoS Computational Biology 13: e1005268, pp. 1, 18.
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[28] 对这类方法的辩护见：Einevoll, G., et al. (2019) Neuron 102: 735–44。建模专家的精彩评论参见马克·汉弗莱斯的博客文章《为什么要给脑建模？》：https://tinyurl.com/Humphries-Why。
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[29] Bartol, T., et al. (2015), eLife 4: e10778.
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[30] Abbott, L. (2006), in J. van Hemmen and T. Sejnowski (eds.), 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 423–31.
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[32] Sporns (2015), p. 99. 如果希望了解这是如何被应用到人脑的成像研究上的，见：Nobre and van Ede (2019)。
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[33] 这里的“一致并可复制地出现”指的是这些细胞在不同批次的实验以及不同实验室开展的实验中总会出现。——译者注
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[34] Dunn, T., et al. (2016), eLife 5: e12741.
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[35] Ormel, P., et al. (2018), Nature Communications 9: 4167; Quadrato, G., et al. (2017), Nature 545: 48–53; Giandomenico, S., et al. (2019), Nature Neuroscience 22: 669–79; Velasco, C., et al. (2019), Nature 570: 523–7.
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[36] Di Lullo, E. and Kriegstein, A. (2017), Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18: 573–84;Pollen, A., et al. (2019), Cell 176: 743–56; Ball, P. (2019), How to Grow a Human
:Adventures in Who We Are and How We Are Made (London: Collins).
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[37] Cohen, J. (2018), Science 360: 1284.
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[38] Farahany, N., et al. (2018), Nature 556: 429–32.
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[39] Clarke, G., et al. (2013), Molecular Psychiatry 18: 666–73; Jameson, K. and Hsiao, E. (2018), Trends in Neurosciences 41: 413–14.
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[40] Adolphs and Anderson (2018).
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[41] Jasanoff, A. (2018), The Biological Mind: How Brain, Body, and Environment Collaborate to Make Us Who We Are (New York: Basic).
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[42] Sterling, P. and Laughlin, S. (2015), Principles of Neural Design (London: MIT Press).
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[43] 作者此处“函数”的意思事实上就是指两种历史会影响并塑造脑的结构。——译者注
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[44] Nummenmaa, L., et al. (2014), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111: 646–51; Nummenmaa, L., et al. (2018), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 115: 9198–203.
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