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27 Alkire, M. T.,Haier, R.J.&Fallon, J.H.‘Toward a unified theory of narcosis:brain imaging evidence for a thalamocortical switch as the neurophysiologic basis of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness’.Consciousness and Cognition ,9,370-86(2000).
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28 Tononi, G.‘An information integration theory of consciousness’.BMC Neuro-science ,5,42-64(2004);另请参阅Massimini, M.et al.‘Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,104,8496-501(2007).
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29 伽马振荡看起来尤其依赖于兴奋性神经元和剩余抑制性脑细胞之间的反复连接,它们能迅速放电,主要来自兴奋性神经元的主要部分(细胞体)附近的突触。这种设置的全部要义是,在伽马活动期间,每一个兴奋性细胞只需要一小部分周期的动作电位,但每一个周期的总贡献为抑制性神经元提供足够的兴奋性驱动,使它们在每一个周期中产生动力。这是一种神经元的马克思主义,在这种学说中,每个个体断断续续地工作,却能确保集体性的持续产出。Mann, E.O.et al.‘Perisomatic feedback inhibition un-derlies cholinergically induced fast network oscillations in the rat hippocampus in vitro’.Neuron,45,105-17(2005).Fisahn, A.et al.‘Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40Hz in the hippocampus in vitro’.Nature ,394,186-9(1998).
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37 Edelman, G. M.The Remembered Present:A Biological Theory of Conscious-ness.(Basic Books,1989).
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38 Rossi, A. F.,Desimone, R.&Ungerleider, L.G.‘Contextual modulation in primary visual cortex of macaques’.Journal of Neuroscience ,21,1698-709(2001).
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39 Pascual-Leone, A.&Walsh, V.‘Fast back projections from the motion to the primary visual area necessary for visual awareness’.Science ,292,510-12(2001).
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44 Quiroga, R. Q.,Fried, I.&Koch, C.‘Brain cells for grandmother.’Scientific American ,308,30-5(2013).
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45 Biederman, I.‘Recognition-by-components:a theory of human image understanding’.Psychological Review ,94,115-47(1987);另请参阅Marr, D.&Nishihara, H.K.‘Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes’.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences ,200,269-94(1978);以及Booth, M.C.A.&Rolls, E.T.‘View-invariant representations of familiar objects by neurons in the inferior temporal visual cor-tex’.Cerebral Cortex ,8,510-23(1998);以及Bulthoff, H.H.,Edelman, S.Y.&Tarr, M.J.‘How are three-dimensional objects represented in the brain?’Cerebral Cortex ,5,247-60(1995);以及Vetter, T.,Hurlbert, A.&Poggio, T.‘View-based models of 3D object recognition:invariance to imaging transformations’.Cerebral Cortex,5,261-9(1995);以及Logothetis, N.K.&Pauls, J.‘Psychophysical and physiological evidence for viewer-centered object representations in the primate’.Cerebral Cortex ,5,270-88(1995).
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47 他们的想法是,量子理论的原理(一门研究非常小的尺度的物理学)可以为意识的产生提供一种替代的过程,把包括各种假设的可能性,通过实证观察还原为单一的确定性概念(波函数塌缩)。在一个版本的量子理论中(哥本哈根解释,试图调和量子力学的理论公式与实验数据),观察行为本身导致系统被观察,最终导致形成早期可能性状态(主观还原)的其中一种结果,因为我们必须有观察者。但在大脑中,由于没有外部观察者,量子事件必须在没有任何人观察的情况下自发地“崩溃”,也就是说,是更客观地进行。Cramer, J.‘The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics’.Review of Modern Physics ,58,647-87(1986).
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48 Hameroff, S.&Penrose, R.‘Consciousness in the universe:a review of the“Orch OR”theory’.Physics of Life Reviews ,11,39-78(2014).
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