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58 Begley,2009.
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59 Devonshire, I. M.et al.‘Environmental enrichment differentially modifes specifc components of sensory-evoked activity in rat barrel cortex as revealed by simultaneous electrophysiological recordings and optical imaging in vivo’.Neuroscience ,170,662-9(2010).
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60 同上。
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61 相较麻醉大鼠,清醒大鼠的神经元集合的振幅更大,同时在空间范围上也更要大得多。Ferezou I, Bolea S.&Petersen C.C.‘Visualizing the cortical representation of whisker touch:voltage-sensitive dye imaging in freely moving mice’.Neuron ,50,617-29(2006).
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62 Greenfield,2011.
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第四章 早餐
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1 Reich, L. et al.‘A ventral visual stream reading center independent of visual experience’.Current Biology ,21,363-8(2011).
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2 Neville, H. J.&Lawson, D.‘Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task:an event-related potential and behavioral study.II.Congenitally deaf adults’.Brain Research ,405,268-83(1987).
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3 Karns, C. M.,Dow, M.W.&Neville, H.J.‘Altered cross-modal processing in the primary auditory cortex of congenitally deaf adults:a visual-somatosensory fMRI study with a double-flash illusion’.Journal of Neuroscience ,32,9626-38(2012).
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4 Gougoux, F. et al.‘Neuropsychology:pitch discrimination in the early blind’.Nature ,430,309(2004).
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5 Lessard, N. et al.‘Early-blind human subjects localize sound sources better than sighted subjects’.Nature ,395,278-80(1998).
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6 Röder, B.et al.‘Semantic and morpho-syntactic priming in auditory word rec-ognition in congenitally blind adults’.Language and Cognitive Processes ,18,1-20(2003).
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7 Bull, R.,Rathborn, H.&Clifford, B. R.‘The voice-recognition accuracy of blind listeners’.Perception ,12,223-6(1983).
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8 Petrus, E. et al.‘Crossmodal induction of thalamocortical potentiation leads to enhanced information processing in the auditory cortex’.Neuron ,81,664-73(2014).
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9 Terhune, D. B.et al.‘Enhanced cortical excitability in grapheme-color synesthe-sia and its modulation’.Current Biology ,21,2006-9(2011).
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10 Liotta, A. et al.‘Partial disinhibition is required for transition of stimulus-induced sharp wave-ripple complexes into recurrent epileptiform discharges in rat hippocampal slices’.Journal of Neurophysiology ,105,172-87(2011).
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11 Rockel, A. J.,Hiorns, R.W.&Powell, T.P.‘The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex’.Brain ,103,221-44(1980).另一方面,有些人可能认为,皮层类似饼干模具的细胞结构不是一成不变的,可以用视觉和听觉通路的各种解剖学差异来说明。从成像数据来看,输入听觉信息时形成的分布模式可能与视觉皮层非常不同。例如,听觉皮层通常接收两只耳朵的信息输入,从皮层之下的脑区传入进来,而视觉皮层只接收两个视觉半区的信息输入。此外,从皮层下中继站(丘脑)到视皮层的主要输入,通常终止于皮层中的某一层(第四层),而在听觉皮层,一些丘脑输入分布更广(延伸到第三层),而另一些则在其他地方终止(第一层)。LeVay, S.&Gilbert, C.D.‘Laminar patterns of geniculocortical projection in the cat’.Brain Research ,113(1),1-19(1976).Smith, P.H.&Populin, L.C.‘Fundamental differences between the thalamocortical recipient layers of the cat auditory and visual cortices’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,436(4),508-19(2001).Huang, C.L.&Winer, J.A.‘Auditory thalamocortical projections in the cat:laminar and areal patterns of input’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,427(2),302-31(2000).
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12 Libet, B.Mind Time:Tee Temporal Factor in Consciousness .(Harvard University Press,2004).
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13 VanRullen, R.&Thorpe, S. J.‘The time course of visual processing:from early perception to decision-making’.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ,13,454-61(2001).
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14 Libet,2004.
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15 Chakraborty, S.,Sandberg, A.&Greenfield, S. A.‘Differential dynamics of transient neuronal assemblies in visual compared to auditory cortex’.Experimental Brain Research ,182,491-8(2007).
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16 Crick, F.&Koch, C.‘A framework for consciousness’.Nature Neuroscience ,6,119-26(2003).
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17 Dunn, R.&Dunn, K.Teaching Students through Their Individual Learning Styles:A Practical Approach .(Prentice Hall,1978).
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18 Pashler, H. et al.‘Learning Styles:Concepts and Evidence’.Psychological Science in the Public Interest ,9,105-119(2009).
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19 Dehaene, S. et al.‘Arithmetic and the brain’.Current Opinions in Neurobiology ,14,218-24(2004).
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