打字猴:1.70068726e+09
1700687260 10  Liotta, A. et al.‘Partial disinhibition is required for transition of stimulus-induced sharp wave-ripple complexes into recurrent epileptiform discharges in rat hippocampal slices’.Journal of Neurophysiology ,105,172-87(2011).
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1700687262 11  Rockel, A. J.,Hiorns, R.W.&Powell, T.P.‘The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex’.Brain ,103,221-44(1980).另一方面,有些人可能认为,皮层类似饼干模具的细胞结构不是一成不变的,可以用视觉和听觉通路的各种解剖学差异来说明。从成像数据来看,输入听觉信息时形成的分布模式可能与视觉皮层非常不同。例如,听觉皮层通常接收两只耳朵的信息输入,从皮层之下的脑区传入进来,而视觉皮层只接收两个视觉半区的信息输入。此外,从皮层下中继站(丘脑)到视皮层的主要输入,通常终止于皮层中的某一层(第四层),而在听觉皮层,一些丘脑输入分布更广(延伸到第三层),而另一些则在其他地方终止(第一层)。LeVay, S.&Gilbert, C.D.‘Laminar patterns of geniculocortical projection in the cat’.Brain Research ,113(1),1-19(1976).Smith, P.H.&Populin, L.C.‘Fundamental differences between the thalamocortical recipient layers of the cat auditory and visual cortices’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,436(4),508-19(2001).Huang, C.L.&Winer, J.A.‘Auditory thalamocortical projections in the cat:laminar and areal patterns of input’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,427(2),302-31(2000).
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1700687264 12  Libet, B.Mind Time:Tee Temporal Factor in Consciousness .(Harvard University Press,2004).
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1700687266 13  VanRullen, R.&Thorpe, S. J.‘The time course of visual processing:from early perception to decision-making’.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ,13,454-61(2001).
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1700687268 14  Libet,2004.
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1700687270 15  Chakraborty, S.,Sandberg, A.&Greenfield, S. A.‘Differential dynamics of transient neuronal assemblies in visual compared to auditory cortex’.Experimental Brain Research ,182,491-8(2007).
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1700687272 16  Crick, F.&Koch, C.‘A framework for consciousness’.Nature Neuroscience ,6,119-26(2003).
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1700687274 17  Dunn, R.&Dunn, K.Teaching Students through Their Individual Learning Styles:A Practical Approach .(Prentice Hall,1978).
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1700687276 18  Pashler, H. et al.‘Learning Styles:Concepts and Evidence’.Psychological Science in the Public Interest ,9,105-119(2009).
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1700687278 19  Dehaene, S. et al.‘Arithmetic and the brain’.Current Opinions in Neurobiology ,14,218-24(2004).
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1700687280 20  Grady, D.‘The vision thing:mainly in the brain’. Discover(http://discover-magazine.com/1993/jun/thevisionthingma227).相似地,参见Nikos Logo-thetis的网站:http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/research/dep/lo/visual-per-ception.html
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1700687282 21  Jones, B.‘Spatial perception in the blind’.British Journal of Psychology ,66,461-72(1975).
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1700687284 22  Calvert, G. A.,Campbell, R.&Brammer, M.J.‘Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging of crossmodal binding in the human heteromodal cortex’.Current Biology ,10,649-57(2000).
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1700687286 23  Risberg, A.&Lubker, J.‘Prosody and speech-reading’inSTL Quarterly Progress and Status Report ,4,1-16(1978).这种实验感官协同作用表现地更明显,在对猴子的一项侵入性研究中,感官统合的过程无需归于经典的“皮质组织”(更“高级”的脑区与特定的感觉模式不直接相关)。相反,早期的多感官影响能够增强神经元负载的信息。虽然五官信息仍然是可识别的,但它们会相互作用,让事情更加复杂化,根据相关神经元如何相互连接,可能产生不同的净效应。
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1700687288 24  Kayser, C.,Petkov, C. I.&Logothetis, N.K.‘Multisensory interactions in primate auditory cortex:fMRI and electrophysiology’.Hearing Research ,258,80-8(2009).
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1700687290 25  Geake, J. Ch.2,pp.10-17 inCompanion to Gifted Education (eds.Balchin, T.&Hymer, B.)(Routledge,2008).
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1700687292 26  Bakalar, N.‘Sensory science:partners in flavour’.Nature ,486,S4-5(2012).
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1700687294 27  Small, D. M.‘How does food’s appearance or smell influence the way it tastes?’Scientific American ,299,100(2008).
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1700687296 28  Stevenson, R. J.,Prescott, J.&Boakes, R.A.‘Confusing tastes and smells:how odours can influence the perception of sweet and sour tastes’.Chemical Senses ,24,627-35(1999).
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1700687298 29  Spence, C.&Piqueras-Fiszman, B.Tee Perfect Meal:Tee Multisensory Science of Food and Dining .(Wiley,2014).
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1700687300 30  Gal, D.,Wheeler, S. C.&Shiv, B.‘Cross-modal influences on gustatory perception’.(2007).
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1700687302 31  Harrar, V.&Spence, C.‘The taste of cutlery:how the taste of food is affected by the weight, size, shape and colour of the cutlery used to eat it’.Flavour ,2,21(2013).
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1700687304 32  Spence, C.‘Auditory contributions to flavour perception and feeding behaviour’.Physiology and Behavior ,107,505-15(2012).
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1700687306 33  Chen, J.&Eaton, L.‘Multimodal mechanisms of food creaminess sensation’.Food and Function ,3,1265-70(2012);see also Green, B. G.&Nachtigal, D.‘Somatosensory factors in taste perception:effects of active tasting and solution temperature’.Physiology and Behavior ,107,488-95(2012).
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1700687308 34  Harrar&Spence,2013.
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