打字猴:1.700687355e+09
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1700687356 58  Dunbar, R.Human Evolution. Music, Cognition, Culture and Evolution (Pelican,2014).
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1700687358 59  McNeill, W. H.Keeping Together in Time .(Harvard University Press,1995).
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1700687360 60  Cross,2001.
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1700687362 61  Trevarthen, C.‘Musicality and the intrinsic motive pulse:evidence from human psychobiology and infant communication’.Musicae Scientiae ,155-215(2000).
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1700687364 62  Cross,2001.
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1700687366 63  杏仁核得名于拉丁语中的“像杏仁一样的形状”,位于颞叶深处,是边缘系统的一部分,与多个脑区相连。因此,它与一系列情绪与记忆功能相关。请参阅两篇近期的综述研究:LaLumiere, R.T.‘Optogenetic dissection of amygdala functioning’.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ,8,107(2014)以及 Fernando, A.B.P.,Murray, J.E.&Milton, A.L.‘The amygdala:securing pleasure and avoiding pain’.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ,7,190(2013).
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1700687368 64  Gosselin, N. et al.‘Impaired recognition of scary music following unilateral temporal lobe excision’.Brain ,128,628-40(2005).另外,如需了解音乐相关的部分,请参阅Griffths, T.D.et al.‘“When the feeling’s gone”:a selective loss of musical emotion’.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery&Psychiatry ,75,344-5(2004).
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1700687370 65  Panksepp, J.‘The emotional sources of“chills”induced by music’.Music Perception ,13,171-207(1995)
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1700687372 66  Salimpoor, V. N.et al.‘Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music’.Nature Neuroscience ,14,257-62(2011).
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1700687374 67  Wise, R. A.‘Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,493,115-21(2005).
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1700687376 68  Small, D. M.et al.‘Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate:from pleasure to aversion’.Brain ,124,1720-33(2001).
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1700687378 69  Breiter, H. C.et al.‘Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emo-tion’.Neuron ,19,591-611(1997).
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1700687380 70  Burton, A. C.,Nakamura, K.&Roesch, M.R.‘From ventral-medial to dorsal-lateral striatum:neural correlates of reward-guided decisionmaking’.Neurobiology of Learning and Memory ,117,51-9(2014).
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1700687382 71  Zald, D. H.&Zatorre, Robert J.,C.19,‘Music’,pp.405-28 inNeurobiology of Sensation and Reward (ed.Gottfried, J.A.)(CRC Press,2011).
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1700687384 72  Benoit, C.-É.et al.‘Musically cued gait-training improves both perceptual and motor timing in Parkinson’s disease’.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ,8,494(2014);另请参阅Nombela, C.et al.‘Into the groove:can rhythm influence Parkinson’s disease?’Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews ,37,2564-70(2013);以及Pacchetti, C.et al.‘Active music therapy in Parkinson’s disease:an integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation’.Psychosomatic Medicine ,62,386-93(2000).
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1700687386 73  Azulay, J. P.et al.‘Visual control of locomotion in Parkinson’s disease.Brain ,122(Pt 1,111-20(1999).
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1700687388 74  Lim, I. et al.‘Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease:a systematic review’.Clinical Rehabilitation ,19,695-713(2005).然而,尽管有证据表明,相比外部线索,疾病确实尤其会影响内部线索。在实验条件下成功的干预措施,通常在实验室外(即病人家里)没有带来改善。
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1700687390 75  在任何情况下,一旦发现在音乐体验中多巴胺释放激增,萨利姆普尔(Salimpoor)及其团队便运用正电子发射断层扫描(PET)这一更快但非化学特定的扫描技术,来监测关键区域的多巴胺释放过程。他们发现了一种功能性的分离:一个脑区(尾状核)更多地参与了预期音乐力量的过程,而另一个脑区(伏隔核)则与音乐带来的情绪峰值体验更相关,这两个事件相隔约10至15秒。
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1700687392 76  Meyer, L.Emotion and Meaning in Music .(University of Chicago Press,1956).
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1700687394 77  Blood, A. J.&Zatorre, R.J.‘Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,98,11818-23(2001).
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1700687396 78  Sacks, O.Musicophilia:Tales of Music and the Brain .(Random House,2007).
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1700687398 第五章 在办公室
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1700687400 1  http://www. bls.gov/tus/charts/
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1700687402 2  一项大规模调查研究针对的是特定的医院设计可能产生的治疗效果,其中包括了102项研究和38项元分析。然而,朴茨茅斯大学的第一作者艾米·德拉霍塔(Amy Drahota)博士总结说:“虽然很显然,病人康复期间所在的病区会影响他们的康复过程,但仍需要研究证据来帮助我们在医院设计中做决定。然而,我们的研究中有85项与在医院中使用音乐有关。我们对医院环境设计的各个方面都有兴趣,但许多领域都没有高质量的研究。例如,我们各发现了一项符合我们标准的照明和装修方面的研究,在运用艺术和寻找辅助工具方面没有找到任何质量足够高的研究。同时,我们甚至对找到的一些研究也有许多保留意见,因为研究质量还是不尽如人意。因此,虽然这篇综述研究中包含了大量信息,我们依旧呼吁更多高质量的研究,针对医院设计的不同部分,帮助我们在设计和翻新未来医院等方面做出更明智的决策。”http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120315/Hospital-environments-could-influence-patient-recovery.aspx.Drahota, A.et al.‘Sensory environment on health-related outcomes of hospital patients’.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ,3,CD005315(2012).另请参阅Kaler, S.R.&Free-man, B.J.‘Analysis of environmental deprivation:cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans’.Journal of Child Psychology and Psy-chiatry ,35,769-81(1994).Eluvathingal, T.J.et al.‘Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation:a diffusion tensor imaging study’.Pediatrics ,117(6),2093-100(June 2006).Prut, L.&Belzung, C.‘The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors:a review’.European Journal of Pharmacology,463(1-3),3-33(28 Feb.2003);另请参阅 Eberhard, J.P.‘Applying neuroscience to architecture’.Neuron ,62,753-6(2009).文章中引用了关于人类对建筑的反应的现有定义和特定假设,认为人类对建筑的反应仅仅在于等待学生和研究人员去研究,Eberhard对此提出了一个有趣的观点。在这篇文章中,他声称有70至80个这样的假设,并在自己所著的《大脑风景》(Brain Landscapes ,Oxford University,2009)一书中详述了这些假设,例如,大脑天生就能够对基于黄金分割为比例而做出反应,同时大脑中有一个网络负责敬畏感。为了解决以往研究的不足,也为了提出如医院、学校、教堂及实验室等建筑的功能性要求,建筑神经科学学会(ANFA)于2003年创立,该学会的创立意味着虽然尚未完全实现,但神经科学应用于建筑有着巨大的潜力。
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1700687404 3  Johnson, D. E.et al.‘Growth and associations between auxology, caregiving environment and cognition in socially deprived Romanian children randomized to foster vs ongoing institutional care’.Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine ,164,507-16(2010).
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