打字猴:1.70068783e+09
1700687830 8  最初匿名出版于The Alternative:A Study in Psychology .(London:Macmillan and Co.,1882).
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1700687832 9  Alexander, I.,Cowey, A.&Walsh, V.‘The right parietal cortex and time perception:back to Critchley and the Zeitraffer phenomenon’.Cognitive Neuropsychology ,22,306-15(2005);另请参阅 Koch, G.et al.‘Underestimation of time perception after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation’.Neurology ,60,1844-6(2003);以及Danckert, J.et al.‘Neglected time:impaired temporal perception of multisecond intervals in unilateral neglect’.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ,19,1706-20(2007).
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1700687834 10  Walsh, V.‘A theory of magnitude:common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity’.Trends in Cognitive Science ,7,483-8(2003);另请参阅Bueti, D.,Bahrami, B.&Walsh, V.‘Sensory and association cortex in time perception’.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ,20,1054-62(2008).
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1700687836 11  Tregellas, J. R.et al.‘Effect of task difficulty on the functional anatomy of temporal processing’.NeuroImage ,32,307-15(2006);另请参阅Lewis, P.A.&Miall, R.C.‘A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement’.Behavioural Processes ,71,226-34(2006);以及Penney, T.B.&Vait-lingham, L.‘Imaging time’inPsychology of Time (ed.Grondin, S .)261-94(Binglet UK Emerald Group,2008 );以及Macar, F.&Vidal, F.‘Timing processes:an outline of behavioural and neural indices not systematically considered in timing models’.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,63,227-39 (2009 ).
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1700687838 12  Mackintosh, N. J.Animal Learning and Cognition .(Academic Press,1994);另请参阅 Jaldow, E.J.,Oakley, D.A.&Davey, G.C.L.‘Performance of de-corticated rats on fixed interval and fixed time schedules’.European Journal of Neuroscience ,1,461-70(1989).
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1700687840 13  在墨西哥神经生物学研究所的雨果·麦钱特(Hugo Merchant),德博拉·哈灵顿(Deborah Harrington)以及沃伦·梅克(Warren Meck)已经通过猴子的单细胞记录研究识别出时间知觉所涉及的复杂的神经网络,并且强调一个关键的神经回路与皮层——丘脑——基底神经节相关联。他们认为这种带有分布式网络的“时间中枢”可以解释间隔调整(interval tuning)的抽象特征,以及时间幻觉和内部时间感,并且这种建立在大脑核心时间机制中的互相连接,目的是为了提供一种保护性的冗余,以此来对抗损伤、疾病或衰老。Merchant, H.,Harrington, D.L.&Meck, W.H.‘Neural basis of the perception and estimation of time’.Annual Review of Neuroscience ,36,313-36(2013).
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1700687842 14  Grondin,2010;see also Eagleman, D. M.‘Human time perception and its illusions’.Current Opinion in Neurobiology ,18,131-6(2008).
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1700687844 15  Eagleman,2008.
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1700687846 16  Morrone, M. C.,Ross, J.&Burr, D.‘Saccadic eye movements cause compression of time as well as space’.Nature and Neuroscience ,8,950-4(2005).
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1700687848 17  New, J. J.&Scholl, B.J.‘Subjective time dilation:spatially local, object-based, or a global visual experience?’Journal of Vision ,9,4,1-11(2009).
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1700687850 18  Stetson, C.,Fiesta, M. P.&Eagleman, D.M.‘Does time really slow down during a frightening event?’PLoS One ,2,e1295(2007).
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1700687852 19  Tang, Y.-Y.,Hölzel, B.K.&Posner, M.I.‘The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation’.Nature Reviews Neuroscience ,16,213-25(2015).
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1700687854 20  Eagleman,2008.
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1700687856 21  一种答案是发生了某种低水平的适应:例如,对闪烁刺激的适应会导致个体对随后出现的刺激时长的估计发生扭曲,但这一现象只在刺激呈现于较小的局部空间中时才会发生。由于这一效应如此具有局限性,这意味着在更基础、更早期的视觉区域中存在某些定时的神经元机制。由于这种效果范围极小,因此暗示出,在更为基本、更为早期的视觉区域中,存在着某些用于计时的神经机制。而另一个完全不同的想法是,在大脑处理时间度量的另一个极端上,持续的时间是神经元所消耗的净能量数的一个指标。而这些都是需要加以鉴别的物理的、客观的事件……但我们应该从哪里开始,又通过什么方法进行呢?Johnston, A.,Arnold, D.H.&Nishida, S.‘Spatially localized distortions of event time’.Current Biology ,16,472-9(2006).Pariyadath, V.&Eagleman, D.‘The effect of predictability on subjective duration’.PLoS One ,2,e1264(2007).
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1700687858 22  New&Scholl,2009.
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1700687860 23  Stetson, Fiesta&Eagleman,2007.
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1700687862 24  Matthews, W. J.,Stewart, N.&Wearden, J.H.‘Stimulus intensity and the perception of duration’.Journal of Experimental Psychology.Human Perception and Performance ,37,303-13(2011).
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1700687864 25  Droit-Volet, S.,Fayolle, S. L.&Gil, S.‘Emotion and time perception:effects of flm-induced mood’.Frontiers in Integrated Neuroscience ,5,33(2011).
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1700687866 26  Levy, F.&Swanson, J. M.‘Timing, space and ADHD:the dopamine theory revisited’.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ,35,504-11(2001).
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1700687868 27  Parsons, B. D.et al.‘Lengthened temporal integration in schizophrenia’.Neu-ropsychologia ,51,372-6(2013).
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1700687870 28  Franck, N. et al.‘Altered subjective time of events in schizophrenia’.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease ,193,350-3(2005).
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1700687872 29  Wittmann, M. et al.‘Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimu-lant-dependent subjects’.Drug and Alcohol Dependence ,90,183-92(2007);另请参阅Cheng, R.-K.,MacDonald, C.J.&Meck, W.H.‘Differential effects of cocaine and ketamine on time estimation:implications for neurobiological models of interval timing’.Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior ,85,114-22(2006).
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1700687874 30  Tinklenberg, J. R.,Roth, W.T.&Kopell, B.S.‘Marijuana and ethanol:differential effects on time perception, heart rate and subjective response.Psychophar-macology (Berl),49,275-9(1976).
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1700687876 31  Arzy, S.,Molnar-Szakacs, I.&Blanke, O.‘Self in time:imagined self-location influences neural activity related to mental time travel’.Journal of Neuroscience ,28,6502-7(2008).
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1700687878 32  Kolb, B. et al.‘Experience and the developing prefrontal cortex’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA ,109(suppl.),17186-93(2012).
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