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58 Chakraborty, Sandberg&Greenfield,2007.
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59 Bachmann, T.Microgenetic Approach to the Conscious Mind .(John Benja-mins,2000).
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60 Vogel, E. K.,Luck, S.J.&Shapiro, K.L.‘Electrophysiological evidence for a postperceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink’.Journal of Experimental Psychology.Human Perception and Performance ,24,1656-74(1998);另请参阅 Sergent, Baillet&Dehaene,2005.
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61 Collins, T. F.T.et al.‘Dynamics of neuronal assemblies are modulated by anaesthetics but not analgesics’.European Journal of Anaesthesiology ,24,609-14(2007).
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62 Chakraborty, Sandberg&Greenfield,2007.
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63 Kendig, J. J.,Grossman, Y.&MacIver, M.B.‘Pressure reversal of anaesthesia:a synaptic mechanism’.British Journal of Anaesthesia ,60,806-16(1988).
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64 Wlodarczyk, A.,McMillan, P. F.&Greenfield, S.A.‘High pressure effects in anaesthesia and narcosis’.Chemical Society Reviews ,35,890-8(2006).
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65 Wu, J.-Y.,Xiaoying Huang&Chuan Zhang.‘Propagating waves of activity in the neocortex:what they are, what they do’. Neuroscientist,14,487-502(2008);另请参阅Muller, L.&Destexhe, A.‘Propagating waves in thalamus, cortex and the thalamocortical system:experiments and models’.Journal of Physiology-Paris ,106,222-38(2012).
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66 Ferreira, P. G.The State of the Universe .(Phoenix,2007).
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大脑的一天 图片版权
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Fig.3(Plate 3)from Chemical Society Reviews, 35, 897(2006), reprinted with the permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry;
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Fig.4(Plate 4)modified from European Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 793(2010), with the permission of John Wiley and Sons;
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Fig.8 from Experimental Brain Research, 182, 495(2007), reprinted with the permission of Springer;
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Fig.9 modified from Progress in Brain Research,150,12(2005), with the permission of Elsevier; Table on P.299 modified from Nature Reviews of Neuroscience, 5, 713, Box 2(2004), with the permission of Nature Publishing Group.
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大脑的一天 [1] 卢比孔河(Rubicon)是一条位于意大利北部的河流,在罗马共和国时期曾为恺撒和庞培各自统治地区的分界线。“Crossing the Rubicon”是西方的一句经典谚语,意为“破釜沉舟”。卢比孔河可以理解为一旦跨越就会发生巨大变化的分界线。(本书脚注如无特殊说明,均为译者注。)
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[2] 詹妮弗·安妮斯顿及后文中的茱莉亚·罗伯茨、布拉德·皮特、哈利·贝瑞等均为美国演员。
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[3] 安慰剂效应是一种心理学现象,指受试者或病人虽然接受的是没有治疗效果的干预或药物,但因为受试者或病人“相信”或“认为”干预或药物有效,从而表现出某些症状的缓解,这种缓解不仅是受试者或病人主观感受的减轻,甚至在客观检测指标上也会发生改变。
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[4] 睡眠锭(sleep spindle)是一种频率较高(12~16周期/秒)、波幅较大的纺锤形脑电波。在非快速眼动睡眠的第二个阶段偶尔会插入波幅较大、频率较高的睡眠锭,在连续的脑电波中像一个纺锤。睡眠锭的出现是睡眠从第一阶段进入第二阶段的标志。
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[5] 功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging)是一种新兴的神经影像学技术,其原理是利用核磁共振成像来测量神经元活动所引发的局部血液氧饱和度的改变,进而反映神经元活动程度的改变。
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[6] 长时程增强,又称长期增益效应(Long-term potentiation, LTP)是发生在两个神经元信号传输中的一种持久的增强现象,能够同步地刺激两个神经元。这是与突触可塑性——突触改变强度的能力相关的几种现象之一。由于记忆被认为是由突触强度的改变来编码的,LTP被普遍视为构成学习与记忆基础的主要分子机制之一。
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