打字猴:1.70069685e+09
1700696850
1700696851 对此都不以为然:在1998年12月的《新共和》(The New Republic)杂志上,《新英格兰医学杂志》(The New England Journal of Medicine)的编辑认为,健康决定我们如何呼吸,而我们如何呼吸对健康没有影响。在特蕾莎·黑尔(Teresa Hale)的著作Breathing Free: The Revolutionary 5-Day Program to Heal Asthma,Emphysema,Bronchitis,and Other Respiratory Ailments(New York: Harmony,1999)的序言中,美国营养学院、美国内科医师学院会员里奥·加兰德医生(Dr. Leo Galland)准确描述了我们呼吸的方式如何直接影响健康。我在为本书进行初步研究以及随后与教授、医生、其他医学领域人士的交谈期间,找到了好几份相关的介绍,加兰德的便是其中之一。
1700696852
1700696853 第1章 最不会呼吸的动物
1700696854
1700696855 牙弓和鼻窦:Karina Camillo Carrascoza et al.,“Consequences of Bottle-Feeding to the Oral Facial Development of Initially Breastfed Children,”Jornal de Pediatria 82,no. 5(Sept.–Oct. 2006): 395–97。
1700696856
1700696857 增加了……发生的风险:一项对7300多名成年人的回顾性研究表明,每掉一颗牙,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的风险就会增加2%。若拔掉5~8颗牙,风险会升高到25%;拔掉9~31颗牙齿则会增加至36%。而牙齿全被拔掉的病人罹患睡眠呼吸暂停的概率要比常人高60%。Anne E. Sanders et al.,“Tooth Loss and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms in the US Population,”Sleep Breath 20,no. 3(Sept. 2016): 1095–102. Related studies: Derya Germeç-Çakan et al.,“Uvulo-Glossopharyngeal Dimensions in Non-Extraction,Extraction with Minimum Anchorage,and Extraction with Maximum Anchorage,”European Journal of Orthodontics 33,no. 5(Oct. 2011): 515–20; Yu Chen et al.,“Effect of Large Incisor Retraction on Upper Airway Morphology in Adult Bimaxillary Protrusion Patients: Three-Dimensional Multislice Computed Tomography Registration Evaluation,”The Angle Orthodontist 82,no. 6(Nov. 2012): 964–70。
1700696858
1700696859 25000的7次方:Simon Worrall,“The Air You Breathe Is Full of Surprises,”National Geographic,Aug.13,2012,https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/08/air-gas-caesar-last-breath-sam-kean。
1700696860
1700696861 其中大约有一半:有关用嘴呼吸的估计比较模糊,在5%~75%。巴西的两项独立研究表明,超过50%的儿童用嘴呼吸,但实际比例可能更高。Valdenice Aparecida de Menezes et al.,“Prevalence and Factors Related to Mouth Breathing in School Children at the Santo Amaro Project—Recife,2005,”Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 72,no. 3(May–June 2006): 394–98; Rubens Rafael Abreu et al.,“Prevalence of Mouth Breathing among Children,”Jornal de Pediatria 84,no. 5(Sept.–Oct. 2008): 467–70; Michael Stewart et al.,“Epidemiology and Burden of Nasal Congestion,”International Journal of General Medicine 3(2010): 37–45; David W. Hsu and Jeffrey D. Suh,“Anatomy and Physiology of Nasal Obstruction,”Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 51,no. 5(Oct. 2018): 853–65。
1700696862
1700696863 造成鼻腔阻塞的原因:“Symptoms: Nasal Congestion,”Mayo Clinic,https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nasal-congestion/basics/causes/sym-20050644。
1700696864
1700696865 当嘴部……发展不足时:Michael Friedman,ed.,Sleep Apnea and Snoring: Surgical and Non-Surgical Therapy,1st ed.(Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier,2009),6。
1700696866
1700696867 40亿年前:Keith Cooper,“Looking for LUCA,the Last Universal Common Ancestor,”Astrobiology at NASA: Life in the Universe,Mar. 17,2017,https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/looking-for-luca-the-last-universal-commonancestor/.
1700696868
1700696869 大气中的氧聚积:“New Evidence for the Oldest Oxygen-Breathing Life on Land,”ScienceDaily,Oct. 21,2011,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111019181210.htm。
1700696870
1700696871 能量多达……16倍:S. E. Gould,“The Origin of Breathing: How Bacteria Learnt to Use Oxygen,”Scientific American,July 29,2012,https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/lab-rat/the-origin-of-breathing-how-bacteria-learnt-to-use-oxygen。
1700696872
1700696873 牙齿……齐整:并非所有的头骨化石都有牙。但埃文斯和博伊德根据下巴和牙洞的形状能判断出其牙齿非常整齐。
1700696874
1700696875 哈佛大学……丹尼尔·利伯曼:他指出,“如果我们不治疗某种失配性疾病的病因,而是把引起该病的环境因素继续传递下去,使得该病保持流行甚至更糟,那么就会形成一个殃及数代人的恶性反馈回路”,并称之为“进化不良”。“当我们的身体对环境变化中那些过多、过少或过新的刺激适应不足,出现进化失配导致的疾病或损伤时,恶性循环就开始了”。读者可进一步参阅利伯曼的著作《人体的故事:进化、健康与疾病》(蔡晓峰译,浙江人民出版社,2017)。另见Jeff Wheelwright,“From Diabetes to Athlete’s Foot ,Our Bodies Are Maladapted for Modern Life,”Discover,Apr. 2,2015,http://discovermagazine.com/2015/may/16-days-of-dysevolution。
1700696876
1700696877 用来切割羚羊的舌头:Briana Pobiner,“The First Butchers,”Sapiens,Feb. 23,2016,https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/homo-sapiens-and-tool-making。
1700696878
1700696879 松软处理的食物:Daniel E. Lieberman,The Evolution of the Human Head(Cambridge,MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2011),255–81.
1700696880
1700696881 火烤后的食物:例如,动物吃生鸡蛋时只能吸收其50%~60%的营养,但鸡蛋煮熟后再吃,营养吸收率可达90%。许多煮熟的植物、蔬菜和肉类亦然。Steven Lin,The Dental Diet: The Surprising Link between Your Teeth,Real Food,and Life-Changing Natural Health(Carlsbad,CA: Hay House,2018),35。
1700696882
1700696883 80万年前:可能更早。在肯尼亚的科比福拉(Koobi Fora),研究人员发现了160万年前有意生火的证据。Amber Dance,“Quest for Clues to Humanity’s First Fires,”Scientific American,June 19,2017,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quest-for-clues-to-humanitys-first-fires; Kenneth Miller,“Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking with Fire,”Discover,Dec. 17,2013,http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire。
1700696884
1700696885 节约了更多能量:我们的脑容量因为肠道变窄而增加了多少?没有什么确切说法,但肯定很客观。有关概述详见Leslie C. Aiello,“Brains and Guts in Human Evolution: The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis,”Mar. 1997,http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84551997000100023。
1700696886
1700696887 增加了50%:哈佛大学生物人类学家理查德·兰厄姆(Richard Wrangham)对古人类的饮食进行过广泛研究。有关各种看法的介绍可参见Rachel Moeller,“Cooking Up Bigger Brains,”Scientific American,Jan. 1,2008,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cooking-up-bigger-brains。
1700696888
1700696889 多瞧他一眼:“Did Cooking Give Humans an Evolutionary Edge?”NPR,Aug. 28,2009,https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112334465。
1700696890
1700696891 垂直生长的鼻子:Colin Barras,“The Evolution of the Nose: Why Is the Human Hooter So Big?”New Scientist,Mar. 24,2016,https://www.newscientist.com/article/2082274-the-evolution-of-the-nose-why-is-the-human-hooter-so-big/; “Mosaic Evolution of Anatomical Foundations of Speech,”Systematics&Phylogeny Section,Primate Research Institute,Kyoto University. Nishimura Lab,https://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/shinka/keitou/nishimura-HP/tn_res-e.html。
1700696892
1700696893 呼吸道也就日渐狭窄:“其鼻腔表面积大约是量表所示的一半,容积甚至只有预期的10%。事实上,人类鼻腔的体积几乎比预期的要小90%。”David Zwickler,“Physical and Geometric Constraints Shape the Labyrinth-like Nasal Cavity,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,Jan. 26,2018。
1700696894
1700696895 制作衣物:Colin Barras,“Ice Age Fashion Showdown: Neanderthal Capes Versus Human Hoodies,”New Scientist,Aug. 8,2016,https://www.newscientist.com/article/2100322-ice-age-fashion-showdown-neanderthal-capes-versus-human-hoodies/。
1700696896
1700696897 纳莱迪人:“Homo Naledi,”Smi-thsonian National Museum of Natural History,http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homonaledi。
1700696898
1700696899 鼻子会进化得更为扁平:Ben Panko,“How Climate Helped Shape Your Nose,”Smithsonian.com,Mar. 16,2017,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-climate-changed-shape-your-nose-180962567。
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