1700696870
1700696871
能量多达……16倍:S. E. Gould,“The Origin of Breathing: How Bacteria Learnt to Use Oxygen,”Scientific American,July 29,2012,https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/lab-rat/the-origin-of-breathing-how-bacteria-learnt-to-use-oxygen。
1700696872
1700696873
牙齿……齐整:并非所有的头骨化石都有牙。但埃文斯和博伊德根据下巴和牙洞的形状能判断出其牙齿非常整齐。
1700696874
1700696875
哈佛大学……丹尼尔·利伯曼:他指出,“如果我们不治疗某种失配性疾病的病因,而是把引起该病的环境因素继续传递下去,使得该病保持流行甚至更糟,那么就会形成一个殃及数代人的恶性反馈回路”,并称之为“进化不良”。“当我们的身体对环境变化中那些过多、过少或过新的刺激适应不足,出现进化失配导致的疾病或损伤时,恶性循环就开始了”。读者可进一步参阅利伯曼的著作《人体的故事:进化、健康与疾病》(蔡晓峰译,浙江人民出版社,2017)。另见Jeff Wheelwright,“From Diabetes to Athlete’s Foot ,Our Bodies Are Maladapted for Modern Life,”Discover,Apr. 2,2015,http://discovermagazine.com/2015/may/16-days-of-dysevolution。
1700696876
1700696877
用来切割羚羊的舌头:Briana Pobiner,“The First Butchers,”Sapiens,Feb. 23,2016,https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/homo-sapiens-and-tool-making。
1700696878
1700696879
松软处理的食物:Daniel E. Lieberman,The Evolution of the Human Head(Cambridge,MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2011),255–81.
1700696880
1700696881
火烤后的食物:例如,动物吃生鸡蛋时只能吸收其50%~60%的营养,但鸡蛋煮熟后再吃,营养吸收率可达90%。许多煮熟的植物、蔬菜和肉类亦然。Steven Lin,The Dental Diet: The Surprising Link between Your Teeth,Real Food,and Life-Changing Natural Health(Carlsbad,CA: Hay House,2018),35。
1700696882
1700696883
80万年前:可能更早。在肯尼亚的科比福拉(Koobi Fora),研究人员发现了160万年前有意生火的证据。Amber Dance,“Quest for Clues to Humanity’s First Fires,”Scientific American,June 19,2017,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quest-for-clues-to-humanitys-first-fires; Kenneth Miller,“Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking with Fire,”Discover,Dec. 17,2013,http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire。
1700696884
1700696885
节约了更多能量:我们的脑容量因为肠道变窄而增加了多少?没有什么确切说法,但肯定很客观。有关概述详见Leslie C. Aiello,“Brains and Guts in Human Evolution: The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis,”Mar. 1997,http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84551997000100023。
1700696886
1700696887
增加了50%:哈佛大学生物人类学家理查德·兰厄姆(Richard Wrangham)对古人类的饮食进行过广泛研究。有关各种看法的介绍可参见Rachel Moeller,“Cooking Up Bigger Brains,”Scientific American,Jan. 1,2008,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cooking-up-bigger-brains。
1700696888
1700696889
多瞧他一眼:“Did Cooking Give Humans an Evolutionary Edge?”NPR,Aug. 28,2009,https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112334465。
1700696890
1700696891
垂直生长的鼻子:Colin Barras,“The Evolution of the Nose: Why Is the Human Hooter So Big?”New Scientist,Mar. 24,2016,https://www.newscientist.com/article/2082274-the-evolution-of-the-nose-why-is-the-human-hooter-so-big/; “Mosaic Evolution of Anatomical Foundations of Speech,”Systematics&Phylogeny Section,Primate Research Institute,Kyoto University. Nishimura Lab,https://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/shinka/keitou/nishimura-HP/tn_res-e.html。
1700696892
1700696893
呼吸道也就日渐狭窄:“其鼻腔表面积大约是量表所示的一半,容积甚至只有预期的10%。事实上,人类鼻腔的体积几乎比预期的要小90%。”David Zwickler,“Physical and Geometric Constraints Shape the Labyrinth-like Nasal Cavity,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,Jan. 26,2018。
1700696894
1700696895
制作衣物:Colin Barras,“Ice Age Fashion Showdown: Neanderthal Capes Versus Human Hoodies,”New Scientist,Aug. 8,2016,https://www.newscientist.com/article/2100322-ice-age-fashion-showdown-neanderthal-capes-versus-human-hoodies/。
1700696896
1700696897
纳莱迪人:“Homo Naledi,”Smi-thsonian National Museum of Natural History,http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homonaledi。
1700696898
1700696899
鼻子会进化得更为扁平:Ben Panko,“How Climate Helped Shape Your Nose,”Smithsonian.com,Mar. 16,2017,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-climate-changed-shape-your-nose-180962567。
1700696900
1700696901
更有利于呼吸:Joan Raymond,“The Shape of a Nose,”Scientific American,Sept. 1,2011,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-shape-of-a-nose。
1700696902
1700696903
喉的位置变低:无论促使人类发展出语言能力是其驱动性因素还是仅仅是意外之喜,但无论如何,智人的喉部位置都下沉了。Asif A. Ghazanfar and Drew Rendall,“Evolution of Human Vocal Production,”Current Biology 18,no. 11(2008): R457–60,https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(08)00371-0.pdf; Kathleen Masterson,“From Grunting to Gabbing: Why Humans Can Talk,”NPR,Aug. 11,2010,https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129083762。
1700696904
1700696905
音高和音量的变化:喉的位置变低对早期人类发展出复杂的口头语言有多大助益,是一个热议话题。没有什么确凿的说法,但如我所见,人类学家很乐意给出他们的意见。利伯曼,《人体的故事》;Ghazanfar and Rendall,“Evolution”。
1700696906
1700696907
最容易因梗塞而窒息死亡:食物窒息在美国的意外死因中排第四,“为了把话说得更清楚,人类确实付出了沉重的代价”(利伯曼,《人体的故事》)。
1700696908
1700696909
鼻腔的堵塞都可能引起:Terry Young et al.,the University of Wisconsin Sleep and Respiratory Research Group,“Nasal Obstruction as a Risk Factor for Sleep-Disordered Breathing,”Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 99,no. 2(Feb. 1997): S757–62; Mahmoud I. Awad and Ashutosh Kacker,“Nasal Obstruction Considerations in Sleep Apnea,”Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 51,no. 5(Oct. 2018): 1003–1009。
1700696910
1700696911
第2章 口呼吸
1700696912
1700696913
使身体进入一种高压状态:这篇博文包含了43篇科学参考文献的详尽解释:“鼻子知道:高强度运动中鼻腔呼吸的情况”。详见Adam Cap网站:https://adamcap.com/2013/11/29/the-nose-knows/。
1700696914
1700696915
都纷纷表示再也不用口呼吸:杜亚尔博士关于运动中鼻呼吸重要性的更多阐释,详见: “Ayurvedic Fitness,”John Douillard,PTonthenet,Jan. 3,2007,https://www.ptonthenet.com/articles/Ayurvedic-Fitness-2783。
1700696916
1700696917
当氧气供应不足的时候:关于无氧和有氧能量的一个很好的简单解释:安德里亚·博尔特,“乳酸和乳酸盐的区别是什么?”详见:https://www.livestrong.com/article/470283-what-is-the-difference-between-lactic-acid-lactate/。
1700696918
1700696919
乳酸堆积:斯蒂芬·M.罗斯:“为什么乳酸会在肌肉中积聚?为什么会引起疼痛?”详见Scientific American,Jan. 23,2006,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-lactic-acid-buil/。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70069687e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]