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成千上万……的同胞们：Thomas M. Heffron,“Insomnia Awareness Day Facts and Stats,”Sleep Education，Mar. 10，2014，http://sleepeducation.org/news/2014/03/10/insomnia-awareness-day-facts-and-stats。
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呼吸沉重、轻微打鼾：纪耶米诺指出，过分关注某些问题会混淆打鼾和睡眠呼吸暂停这个更大的麻烦。睡眠中产生的任何呼吸障碍，无论是呼吸暂停、打鼾、呼吸急促，甚至是最轻微的喉咙收缩，都可能对身体造成严重伤害。Christian Guilleminault and Ji Hyun Lee,“Does Benign‘Primary Snoring’Ever Exist in Children?”Chest Journal 126，no. 5（Nov. 2004）: 1396–98; Guilleminault et al.,“Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome,”Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159，no. 8（Aug. 2005）: 775–85。
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使我变得迟钝：Noriko Tsubamoto-Sano et al.,“Influences of Mouth Breathing on Memory and Learning Ability in Growing Rats,”Journal of Oral Science 61，no. 1（2019）: 119–24; Masahiro Sano et al.,“Increased Oxygen Load in the Prefrontal Cortex from Mouth Breathing: A Vector-Based Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study,”Neuroreport 24，no. 17（Dec. 2013）: 935–40; Malia Wollan,“How to Be a Nose Breather,”The New York Times Magazine，Apr. 23，2019。
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嘴巴呼吸为“逆气”：The Primordial Breath: An Ancient Chinese Way of Prolonging Life through Breath Control，vol. 2，trans. Jane Huang and Michael Wurmbrand（Original Books，1990），31。
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这就是现状：有关咬合错位的统计数据各有差异。儿科牙医凯文·博伊德、医生兼睡眠专家达利斯·洛格马尼指出，“75%的6～11岁儿童、89%的12～17岁青少年，都有一定程度的咬合错位”。此外，约65%的成年人，包括那些已经做过牙齿矫正术的人，有一定程度的咬合错位。鉴于此，那没有接受治疗的成年人的实际人数应当要接近90%了。我找到的一些其他估算中，儿童的这个比例更高。一些介绍咬合错位的讲座（附参考资料）和深度访谈：Kevin L. Boyd and Darius Loghmanee,“Inattention，Hyperactivity，Snoring and Restless Sleep: My Child’s Dentist Can Help?!”presentation at 3rd Annual Autism，Behavior，and Complex Medical Needs Conference; Kevin Boyd interview by Shirley Gutkowski，Cross Link Radio，2017，https://crosslinkradio.com/dr-kevin-boyd-2/; “Malocclusion,”Boston Children’s Hospital，http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/m/malocclusion。
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45%的成年人：“Snoring,”Columbia University Department of Neurology，http://www.columbianeurology.org/neurology/staywell/document.php?id=42066。
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25%的人：“Rising Prevalence of Sleep Apnea in U.S. Threatens Public Health,”press release，American Academy of Sleep Medicine，Sept. 29，2014。
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有80%：Steven Y. Park，MD，Sleep，Interrupted: A Physician Reveals the #1 Reason Why So Many of Us Are Sick and Tired（New York: Jodev Press，2008），26。
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一万年前：各年代对世界人口的估计：https://tinyurl.com/rrhvcjh。
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松弛拉长的面庞：多项研究都表明这类恢复在人身上是有可能的。20世纪90年代，加拿大研究人员对38名患有慢性咽扁桃体肥大的儿童进行了面部和口腔尺寸的测量。咽扁桃体位于口腔顶部，功能主要是抵抗感染。咽扁桃体肥大时，孩子们几乎无法鼻呼吸，所以只能口呼吸，结果他们都有松弛拉长的脸庞。外科医生对一半儿童的咽扁桃体进行了切除，然后监测其面部尺寸。慢慢地，他们的脸恢复到了原来的位置：下颚前移，上颌骨外扩。Donald C. Woodside et al.,“Mandibular and Maxillary Growth after Changed Mode of Breathing,”American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 100，no. 1（July 1991）: 1–18; Shapiro,“Effects of Nasal Obstruction on Facial Development,”967–68。
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第3章 鼻子
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嗅觉是……感觉官能：Interview with Dolores Malaspina，MD，professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia University in New York; Nancie George,“10 Incredible Facts about Your Sense of Smell,”EveryDay Health，https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/incredible-facts-about-your-sense-smell/。
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增强记忆：Artin Arshamian et al.,“Respiration Modulates Olfactory Memory Consolidation in Humans,”Journal of Neuroscience 38，no. 48（Nov. 2018）: 10286–94; Christina Zelano et al.,“Nasal Respiration Entrains Human Limbic Oscillations and Modulates Cognitive Function,”Journal of Neuroscience 36，no. 49（Dec. 2016）: 12448–67。
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是否有哮喘：A. B. Ozturk et al.,“Does Nasal Hair（Vibrissae） Density Affect the Risk of Developing Asthma in Patients with Seasonal Rhinitis?”International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 156，no. 1（Mar. 2011）: 75–80.
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印度外科医师：Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani,“A Study of the Pattern of Nasal Dominance with Reference to Different Phases of the Lunar Cycle,”Yoga Life 35（June 2004）: 19–24。
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鼻周期或鼻循环：有时被称为“次昼夜节奏”，意思是比昼夜节奏短的周期。
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1895年……首先提出：有关鼻周期的详细报告，参见Alfonso Luca Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle: A Comprehensive Review,”Rhinology Online 1（June 2018）: 67–76; R. Kayser,“Die exacte Messung der Luftdurchgängigkeit der Nase,”Archives of Laryngology 3（1895）: 101–20。
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30分钟至4小时内：这只是估计。有些研究表明，鼻周期在30分钟到2.5小时之间波动; 另一些则认为，该周期可持续至4小时。Roni Kahana-Zweig et al.,“Measuring and Characterizing the Human Nasal Cycle,”PloS One 11，no. 10（Oct. 2016）: e0162918; Rauf Tahamiler et al.,“Detection of the Nasal Cycle in Daily Activity by Remote Evaluation of Nasal Sound,”Archives of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 129，no. 9（Feb. 2009）: 137–42。
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蜜月鼻炎：“Sneezing‘Can Be Sign of Arousal,’”BBC News，Dec. 19，2008，http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7792102.stm; Andrea Mazzatenta et al.,“Swelling of Erectile Nasal Tissue Induced by Human Sexual Pheromone,”Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 885（2016）: 25–30。
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鼻周期是怎么回事：Kahana-Zweig et al.,“Measuring”; Marc Oliver Scheithauer,“Surgery of the Turbinates and‘Empty Nose’Syndrome,”GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 9（2010）: Doc3。
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睡眠时翻身：此外，鼻周期似乎与深度睡眠的长短有关。A. T. Atanasov and P. D. Dimov,“Nasal and Sleep Cycle—Possible Synchronization during Night Sleep,”Medical Hypotheses 61，no. 2（Aug. 2003）: 275–77; Akihira Kimura et al.,“Phase of Nasal Cycle During Sleep Tends to Be Associated with Sleep Stage,”The Laryngoscope 123，no. 6（Aug. 2013）: 1050–55。
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海绵体血管组织会产生炎症：Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle”。
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循环的频率也会升高：在某些文化中，滞后的鼻循环被认为是疾病征兆。一个鼻孔堵塞8个小时以上，就意味着重病即将到来。如果单侧呼吸超过一天，死期也就不远了。但为什么? Ronald Eccles,“A Role for the Nasal Cycle in Respiratory Defense,”European Respiratory Journal 9，no. 2（Feb. 1996）: 371–76; Eccles et al.,“Changes in the Amplitude of the Nasal Cycle Associated with Symptoms of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection,”Acta Otolaryngologica 116，no. 1（Jan. 1996）: 77–81。
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将更多血液输送到左脑：Kahana-Zweig et al.; Shirley Telles et al.,“Alternate-Nostril Yoga Breathing Reduced Blood Pressure While Increasing Performance in a Vigilance Test ,”Medical Science Monitor Basic Research 23（Dec. 2017）: 392–98; Karamjit Singh et al.,“Effect of Uninostril Yoga Breathing on Brain Hemodynamics: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study,”International Journal of Yoga 9，no. 1（June 2016）: 12–19; Gopal Krushna Pal et al.,“Slow Yogic Breathing Through Right and Left Nostril Influences Sympathovagal Balance，Heart Rate Variability，and Cardiovascular Risks in Young Adults,”North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6，no. 3（Mar. 2014）: 145–51。
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降低体温、血压：P. Raghuraj and Shirley Telles,“Immediate Effect of Specific Nostril Manipulating Yoga Breathing Practices on Autonomic and Respiratory Variables,”Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 33，no. 2（June 2008）: 65–75. S. Kalaivani，M. J. Kumari，and G. K. Pal,“Effect of Alternate Nostril Breathing Exercise on Blood Pressure，Heart Rate，and Rate Pressure Product among Patients with Hypertension in JIPMER，Puducherry,”Journal of Education and Health Promotion 8，no. 145（July 2019）。
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