打字猴:1.70069703e+09
1700697030
1700697031 鼻甲的不同区域:Scheithauer,“Surgery of the Turbinates,”18; Swami Rama,Rudolph Ballentine,and Alan Hymes,Science of Breath: A Practical Guide(Honesdale,PA: Himalayan Institute Press,1979,1998),45。
1700697032
1700697033 公元前1500年左右:Bryan Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part I,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16,no. 1(Mar. 1970): 5–11,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414610850; Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part II,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16,no. 2(June 1970): 57–69,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414610898?via%3Dihub。
1700697034
1700697035 替人画像:后面关于乔治·卡特林的细节、引言、描述摘自以下书籍:George Catlin,North American Indians,ed. Peter Matthiessen(New York: Penguin,2004); Catlin,The Breath of Life,4th ed.,retitled Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life(London: N. Truebner,1870)。1870年版的Shut Your Mouth可免费下载,参见:https://buteykoclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Shut-your-mouth-Catlin.pdf。
1700697036
1700697037 我穿行于美国大地:Catlin,Letters and Notes on the Manners,Customs,and Condition of the North American Indians(New York: Wiley and Putnam,1841),vol. 1,206。
1700697038
1700697039 唯一详尽的记载:Peter Matthiessen,introduction to Catlin,North American Indians,vi。
1700697040
1700697041 50个部落:后来,人类学家理查德·斯特克尔(Richard Steckel)证实了卡特林的描述,宣称19世纪末平原部落的人是当时世界上最高的人。Devon Abbot Mihesuah,Recovering Our Ancestors’ Gardens(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2005),47。
1700697042
1700697043 一口好牙:Shut Your Mouth,2,18,27,41,43,51。
1700697044
1700697045 《生命的呼吸》:Reviewed in Littell’s Living Age 72(Jan.–Mar. 1862): 334–35。
1700697046
1700697047 活到了76岁:到20世纪初时,卡特林几乎已被人遗忘。他的导师们,也就是大平原上的那些印第安人,几乎被消灭殆尽,原因包括天花、枪、强奸、奴役。剩下的那些只得借酒消愁。满头银发的曼丹人、肩宽膀阔的波尼人、温文尔雅的米纳特里人全消失了,而他们的呼吸技艺、知识也随之消失了。
1700697048
1700697049 始终用鼻子呼吸:卡特林有关口鼻呼吸的论述发表几十年之后,弗吉尼亚塞勒姆的瑞吉斯山疗养院的内科主治医师华生(E. E. Watson)在弗吉尼亚医疗学会的年度会议上,宣布了口呼吸是结核病传播的罪魁祸首,“即使说我们75%的结核性喉炎病例都发生在口呼吸的人身上,也毫不夸张”。呼吸系统疾病对人口的影响并非随机,也不具有遗传性。本质上,华生想说的就是,某些疾病就是病人自找的。病人是口呼吸还是鼻呼吸,在很大程度上决定了身体是健康还是得病。E. E. Watson,“Mouth-Breathing,”Virginia Medical Monthly 47,no. 9(Dec. 1920): 407–8。
1700697050
1700697051 出版过一本专著:Mark Burhenne,The 8-Hour Sleep Paradox: How We Are Sleeping Our Way to Fatigue,Disease and Unhappiness(Sunnyvale,CA: Ask the Dentist,2015)。
1700697052
1700697053 口呼吸会导致:J. E. Choi et al.,“Intraoral pH and Temperature during Sleep with and without Mouth Breathing,”Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 43,no. 5(Dec. 2015): 356–63; Shirley Gutkowski,“Mouth Breathing for Dummies,”RDH Magazine,Feb. 13,2015,https://www.rdhmag.com/patient-care/article/16405394/mouth-breathing-for-dummies。
1700697054
1700697055 一个世纪来:“Breathing through the Mouth a Cause of Decay of the Teeth,”American Journal of Dental Science 24,no. 3(July 1890): 142–43,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063589/?page=1。
1700697056
1700697057 导致鼾症:M. F. Fitzpatrick et al.,“Effect of Nasal or Oral Breathing Route on Upper Airway Resistance During Sleep,”European Respiratory Journal 22,no. 5(Nov. 2003): 827–32。
1700697058
1700697059 其中一个好处:在许多研究人员看来,一氧化氮对身体的重要性不亚于氧气和二氧化碳。Catharine Paddock,“Study Shows Blood Cells Need Nitric Oxide to Deliver Oxygen,”Medical News Today,Apr. 13,2015,https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/292292.php; J. Lundberg and E. Weitzberg,“Nasal Nitric Oxide in Man,”Thorax 54,no. 10(Oct. 1999): 947–52。
1700697060
1700697061 氧气……提高18%:J. Lundberg,“Nasal and Oral Contribution to Inhaled and Exhaled Nitric Oxide: A Study in Tracheotomized Patients,”European Respiratory Journal 19,no. 5(2002): 859–64; Mark Burhenne,“Mouth Taping: End Mouth Breathing for Better Sleep and a Healthier Mouth,”Ask the Dentist(includes several study references),https://askthedentist.com/mouth-tape-better-sleep/. Additionally,the increased air resistance through nasal breathing increases the vacuum in the lungs,and helps us draw in 20 percent more oxygen than through the mouth. Caroline Williams,“How to Breathe Your Way to Better Memory and Sleep,”New Scientist,Jan. 8,2020。
1700697062
1700697063 我试验了几种胶带:睡眠胶带也不乏批评者。英国《卫报》在2019年7月的一篇文章中宣称,睡眠胶带很危险,因为“如果你呕吐的话,很可能会窒息而死”。布莱纳和科尔尼告诉我,这一说法荒谬至极,缺乏实据,缺乏相关研究。“Buteyko: The Dangerous Truth about the New Celebrity Breathing Sensation,”The Guardian,https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2019/jul/15/buteyko-the-dangerous-truth-about-the-new-celebrity-breathing-sensation。
1700697064
1700697065 第4章 呼气
1700697066
1700697067 由……痴迷者著称:出版商对Peter Kelder的介绍,参见:Ancient Secret of the Fountain of Youth,Book 2(New York: Doubleday,1998),xvi。
1700697068
1700697069 扩肺拉伸法:我遵循的指导是维基百科上的“藏地五式”。心脏病专家乔尔·卡恩建议,每套动作要进行21轮,就像古代西藏人那样。对于初学者来说,每天十分钟的练习是一个很好的开始。
1700697070
1700697071 延年:半个世纪后,凯尔德的小册子再次发行,名为《Ancient Secret of the Fountain of Youth》。这本书在国际上引起轰动,销量超过200万册。2019年9月10日,乔尔·卡恩博士的一篇文章对练习“藏地五式”的一些心肺益处进行了回顾,“A Cardiologist’s Favorite Yoga Sequence for Boosting Heart Health,”MindBodyGreen,Sept. 10,2019。
1700697072
1700697073 据这些专家称:W. B. Kannel et al.,“Vital Capacity as a Predictor o f C a rd i o va s c u l a r D i s e a s e: T h e Framingham Study,”American Heart Journal 105,no. 2(Feb. 1983): 311–15; William B. Kannel and Helen Hubert,“Vital Capacity as a Biomarker of Aging,”in Biological Markers of Aging,ed. Mitchell E. Reff and Edward L. Schneider,NIH Publication no. 82-2221,Apr. 1982,145–60。
1700697074
1700697075 肺活量相互比较:布法罗后续研究的负责人霍尔加-舒内曼报告说:“值得注意的是,不仅仅是那些人数为五分之一的肺功能严重受损者,就连肺功能中度受损者的死亡风险也增加了。”这表明风险的增加并不局限于一小部分肺功能严重受损的人群。Lois Baker,“Lung Function May Predict Long Life or Early Death,”University at Buffalo News Center,Sept. 12,2000,http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/09/4857.html。
1700697076
1700697077 结果一致:肺活量大小的衡量标准也适用于那些进行了肺移植的患者。2013年,约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的研究人员对比了数千名接受过肺移植的患者,发现那些接受超大肺活量的肺脏移植的患者在手术一年后的存活概率增加了30%。对于肺移植,研究人员惊讶地发现,被移植的肺的肺活量越大越好。ScienceDaily,Aug. 1,2013,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130801095507.htm; Michael Eberlein et al.,“Lung Size Mismatch and Survival After Single and Bilateral Lung Transplantation,”Annals of Thoracic Surgery 96,no. 2(Aug. 2013): 457–63。
1700697078
1700697079 14升:Brian Palmer,“How Long Can You Hold Your Breath?”Slate,Nov. 18,2013,https://slate.com/technology/2013/11/nicholas-mevoli-freediving-death-what-happens-to-people-who-practice-holding-their-breath.html; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130801095507.htm; “Natural Lung Function Decline vs. Lung Function Decline with COPD,”Exhale,the official blog of the Lung Institute,Apr. 27,2016,https://lunginstitute.com/blog/natural-lung-function-decline-vs-lung-function-decline-with-copd/。
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