打字猴:1.700697163e+09
1700697163 “你周围的人并不会知道你在干什么”:兰多(Landau),“这种呼吸练习可以让你平静下来”。
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1700697165 只要保持在5.5秒左右内:Marc A. Russo et al.,“The Physiological Effects of Slow Breathing in the Healthy Human,”Breathe 13,no. 4(Dec. 2017): 298–309。
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1700697167 第6章 少呼吸
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1700697169 从1850年至1960年:“Obesity and Overweight,”Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight. htm; “Obesity Increase,”Health&Medicine,Mar. 18,2013; “Calculate Your Body Mass Index,”National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute,https://www.nhlbi. nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm?source=quickfitnesssolut ions。
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1700697171 能看出一些令人不安的端倪:根据20世纪30年代的一项研究,一个普通男性的呼吸频率过去是每分钟大约13次,总共呼吸5.25升空气。到了20世纪40年代,呼吸频率在每分钟10次左右,总共呼吸8升空气。到了20世纪80年代和90年代,一些研究表明,平均呼吸频率接近每分钟10~12次,在某些情况下,呼吸空气的总容量上升到9升,甚至更高。我和唐·斯托里(Don Storey)博士讨论过这个问题,他是一位在这个领域工作了40多年的著名肺科医生(也是我的岳父)。他告诉我,当他刚开始工作时,正常的呼吸频率大约是每分钟8~12次。如今,最高频率几乎翻了一番。除了这些轶事,几十项研究表明,我们确实比以前呼吸得更多了。大多数研究将患有呼吸道疾病的受试者与健康对照组进行比较。本次评估使用的正是健康对照组的数据。有几项研究可参见:Artour Rakhimov,Breathing Slower and Less: The Greatest Health Discovery Ever(self-published,2014)。这里包含那些可以被独立验证的研究。我将继续收集这一领域的研究,并在我的网站(mrjamesnestor.com/breath)上发布。同时,这里还有几项研究:N. W. Shock and M. H. Soley,“Average Values for Basal Respiratory Functions in Adolescents and Adults,”Journal of Nutrition 18(1939): 143–53; Harl W. Matheson and John S. Gray,“Ventilatory Function Tests. III. Resting Ventilation,Metabolism,and Derived Measures,”Journal of Clinical Investigation 29,no. 6(1950): 688–92; John Kassabian et al.,“Respiratory Center Output and Ventilatory Timing in Patients with Acute Airway(Asthma) and Alveolar(Pneumonia) Disease,”Chest 81,no. 5(May 1982): 536–43; J. E. Clague et al.,“Respiratory Effort Perception at Rest and during Carbon Dioxide Rebreathing in Patients with Dystrophia Myotonica,”Thorax 49,no. 3(Mar. 1994): 240–44; A. Dahan et al.,“Halothane Affects Ventilatory after Discharge in Humans,”British Journal of Anaesthesia 74,no. 5(May 1995): 544–48; N. E. L. Meessen et al.,“Breathing Pattern during Bronchial Challenge in Humans,”European Respiratory Journal 10,no. 5(May 1997): 1059–63。
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1700697173 现代人中有四分之一:Mary Birch,Breathe: The 4-Week Breathing Retraining Plan to Relieve Stress,Anxiety and Panic(Sydney: Hachette Australia,2019),Kindle locations 228–31. An overview of how poorly we’re breathing can be found here: Richard Boulding et al.,“Dysfunctional Breathing: A Review of the Literature and Proposal for Classification,”European Respiratory Review 25,no. 141(Sept. 2016): 287–94。
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1700697175 中国古代,医生们:Bryan Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part I,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16,no. 1(Mar. 1970): 5–11。
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1700697177 每分钟呼吸频率是9.5次:值得一提的是,早期印度教徒计算出的正常呼吸频率要高得多,每天22636次。
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1700697179 “呼气再慢一些”:这种长时间的吸气和呼气对非常高强度的运动没有好处,甚至是没办法实现的。例如,跑400米需要更多的氧气来保持新陈代谢的需要。一些精英运动员在极度紧张的状态下每分钟可以呼吸200升的空气,这是正常休息时的20倍。但对于稳定的、中等水平的运动,如骑自行车或慢跑,长呼吸要有效得多。Maurizio Bussotti et al.,“Respiratory Disorders in Endurance Athletes—How Much Do They Really Have to Endure?,”Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2,no. 5(Apr. 2014): 49。
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1700697181 提高最大摄氧量水平:在印度尼西亚苏拉卡尔塔大学健康科学系进行的一项实验中,受试者使用“慢而少”的呼吸技巧。实验结果显示,受试者比对照组有明显的最大摄氧量的提高,这项研究发表在2017年12月的第三届科学、技术和人类国际会议上。Dani Fahrizal and Totok Budi Santoso,“The Effect of Buteyko Breathing Technique in Improving Cardiorespiratory Endurance,”2017 ISETH Proceeding Book(UMS publications),https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/c2ee/b2d1c0230 a76fccdad94e7d97b11b882d217.pdf; Several more study summaries are available at Patrick McKeown,“Oxygen Advantage,”https://oxygenadvantage.com/improved-swimming-coordination。
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1700697183 排查机器故障:K. P. Buteyko,ed.,Buteyko Method: Its Application in Medical Practice(Odessa,Ukraine: Titul,1991)。
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1700697185 高达212:这本传记的细节有几个来源。“The Life of Konstantin Pavlovich Buteyko,”Buteyko Clinic,https://buteykoclinic.com/about-dr-buteyko; “Doctor Konstantin Buteyko,”Buteyko.com,http://www.buteyko.com/method/buteyko/index_buteyko.html; “The History of Professor K. P. Buteyko,”LearnButeyko.org,http://www.learnbuteyko.org/the-history-of-professor-kp-buteyko; Sergey Altukhov,Doctor Buteyko’s Discovery(TheBreathingMan,2009),Kindle locations 570,572,617; Buteyko interview,1988,YouTube,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yv5unZd7okw。
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1700697187 出发去阿卡杰姆戈罗多克:“The Original Silicon Valley,”The Guardian,Jan. 5,2016,https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/jan/05/akademgorodok-academy-town-siberia-science-russia-in-pictures。
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1700697189 功能诊断实验室:See an amazing photo of the lab here: https://images.app.goo.gl/gAHupjGqjBtEiKab9。
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1700697191 二氧化碳缺乏,仅约4%:A copy of Buteyko’s carbon dioxide chart can be found here: https://tinyurl.com/yy3fvrh7。
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1700697193 布泰科……编制了一套方法:在Patrick McKeown的网站上可以免费下载布泰科的论文和文章:https://tinyurl.com/y3lbfhx2。
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1700697195 扎托佩克研究出:更多关于低换气训练的信息可以在Xavier Woorons博士的网站上找到:http://www.hypoventilation-training.com/index.html; “Emil Zatopek Biography,”Biography Online,May 1,2010,https://www.biographyonline.net/sport/athletics/emile-zatopek.html; Adam B. Ellick,“Emil Zatopek,”Runner’s World,Mar. 1,2001,https://www.runnersworld.com/ad vanced/a20841849/emil-zatopek.无论如何,Zátopek的高度是一个谜。一些人说他有六英尺高,一些人,比如ESPN,说他有五六英尺高。The consensus,according to Runner’s World,is that he was about five-eight。
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1700697197 贻笑大方:Timothy Noakes,Lore of Running,4th ed.(Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics,2002),382。
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1700697199 后来他被……评为:“Emil Zátopek,”Running Past,http://www.runningpast.com/emil_zatopek.htm; Frank Litsky,“Emil Zatopek,78,Ungainly Running Star,Dies,”The New York Times,Nov. 23,2000,https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/23/sports/emil-zatopek-78-ungainly-running-star-dies.html。
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1700697201 “崇尚吃苦忍痛”:Joe Hunsaker,“DocCounsilman: As I Knew Him,”SwimSwam,Jan. 12,2015,https://swimswam.com/doc-counsilman-knew/。
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1700697203 提高游泳速度:游泳教练Mike Lewellyn对康斯尔曼的方法在年轻运动员训练中可能存在的危险做了一些有趣的介绍:https://swimisca.org/coach-mike-lewellyn-on-breath-holding-shallow-water-blackout/。An alternative view by Dr. Rob Orr can be found at“Hypoxic Work in the Pool,”PTontheNet,Feb. 14,2006,https://www.ptonthenet.com/articles/Hypoxic-Work-in-the-Pool-2577。我从这些文章和其他一些文章中得出的结论是,缺氧训练是有效的,但它不应该被当作一刀切的训练方案来使用。就像大多数其他训练技术一样,生理、心理和许多解剖学因素都必须考虑进去。与其他水下训练一样,缺氧训练必须始终在专业人士的密切监督下进行。
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1700697205 美国游泳男队通过这套训练:“ISHOF Honorees,”International Swimming Hall of Fame,https://ishof.org/dr.-james-e.—doc—counsilman-(usa).html; “A Short History: From Zátopek to Now,” HypoventilationTraining.com,http://www.hypoventilation-training.com/historical.html。
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1700697207 美国游泳队:Braden Keith,“Which Was the Greatest US Men’s Olympic Team Ever?,”SwimSwam,Sept. 7,2010,https://swimswam.com/which-was-the-greatest-us-mens-olympic-team-ever; Jean-Claude Chatard,ed.,Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX(Saint-Étienne,France: University of Saint-Étienne Publications,2003)。
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1700697209 使红细胞数量激增:需要说明的是,乌隆的研究针对的是希望在竞争中获得优势的精英运动员。没有人知道持续将身体推入高度无氧状态的长期影响。一些研究人员认为,这种持续的无氧锻炼可能对身体有害,造成破坏性的氧化应激。同时,仅仅通过几周较轻、较温和的训练,奥尔森的几个客户的红细胞数量就有了明显的提高。更多的血液意味着更多的氧气被输送到更多的组织。兰斯·阿姆斯特朗(Lance Armstrong),这位名誉扫地的自行车运动员,并不是因为服用肾上腺素或类固醇而被处罚,而是因为他给自己注射了自己的血液,增加了红细胞数量,这将使他能够携带更多的氧气。阿姆斯特朗所做的实质上是对呼吸限制训练的即时修正。
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1700697211 低换气:Xavier Woorons et al.,“Prolonged Expiration down to Residual Volume Leads to Severe Arterial Hypoxemia in Athletes during Submaximal Exercise,”Respiratory Physiology&Neurobiology 158,no. 1(Aug. 2007): 75–82; Alex Hutchinson,“Holding Your Breath during Training Can Improve Performance,”The Globe and Mail,Feb. 23,2018,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/fitness/holding-your-breath-during-training-can-improve-performance/article38089753/。
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