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桑雅·理查兹·罗斯：“Buteyko and Fitness,”Buteyko Toronto，http://www.buteykotoronto.com/buteyko-and-fitness。
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呼吸状况都改善了：Thomas Ritz et al.,“Controlling Asthma by Training of Capnometry-Assisted Hypoventilation（CATCH） Versus Slow Breathing: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”Chest 146，no. 5（Aug. 2014）: 1237–47。
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“会发生很诡异的现象”：“Asthma Patients Reduce Symptoms，Improve Lung Function with Shallow Breaths，More Carbon Dioxide,”ScienceDaily，Nov. 4，2014，https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141104111631. htm。
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其他几项研究中：“Effectiveness of a Buteyko-Based Breathing Technique for Asthma Patients,”ARCIM Institute—Academic Research in Complementary and Integrative Medicine，2017，https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03098849。
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过度换气造成的真正损伤来自：It’s worth noting that overbreathing can also cause calcium levels to drop in your blood，which can result in numbness and tingling，muscle spasms，cramps，and twitching。
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几个星期、几个月、几年后：如果身体被迫不断地通过排泄碳酸氢盐来进行补偿，这种化学物质的含量就会减少，pH值将从7.4（维持人体功能的最佳状态）开始上下波动。John G. Laffey and Brian P. Kavanagh,“Hypocapnia,”New England Journal of Medicine 347（July 2002）: 46; G. M. Woerlee,“The Magic of Hyperventilation,”Anesthesia Problems＆Answers，http://www.anesthesiaweb.org/hyperventilation.php。
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变得愈加困难：Jacob Green and Charles R. Kleeman,“Role of Bone in Regulation of Systemic Acid-Base Balance,”Kidney International 39，no. 1（Jan. 1991）: 9–26。
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防止症状恶化：“Magnesium Supplements May Benefit People with Asthma,”NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health，Feb. 1，2010，https://nccih.nih.gov/research/results/spotlight/021110.htm [inactive]。
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“瑜伽修行者的生命不是以天数计算的”：Andrew Holecek，Preparing to Die: Practical Advice and Spiritual Wisdom from the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition（Boston: Snow Lion，2013）. Animal metrics were taken from these studies: “Animal Heartbeats,”Every Second，https://everysecond.io/animal-heartbeats; “The Heart Project,”Public Science Lab，http://robdunnlab.com/projects/beats-per-life/; Yogi Cameron Alborzian,“Breathe Less，Live Longer,”The Huffington Post，Jan. 14，2010，https://www.huffpost.com/entry/breathe-less-live-longer_b_422923; Mike McRae,“Do We Really Only Get a Certain Number of Heartbeats in a Lifetime? Here’s What Science Says,”ScienceAlert，Apr. 14，2018，https://www.sciencealert.com/relationship-between-heart-beat-and-life-expectancy。
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第7章 嚼
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12000年前：“研究显示，12000年前，最早的农民出现了错颌畸形和牙齿拥挤的情况。”都柏林大学学院新闻。http://www.ucd.ie/news/2015/02FEB15/050215-Malocclusion-and-dental-crowding-arose-12000-years-ago-with-earliest-farmers-study-shows.html; Ron Pinhasi et al.,“Incongruity between Affinity Patterns Based on Mandibular and Lower Dental Dimensions following the Transition to Agriculture in the Near East，Anatolia and Europe,”PLoS One 10，no. 2（Feb. 2015）: e0117301。
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出现最初的牙齿参差和口腔变形的问题：Jared Diamond,“The Worst Mista-ke in the Histor y of the Human Race,”Discover，May 1987，http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race; Jared Diamond，The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal（New York: HarperCollins，1992）。
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那里便是亡者所在：Natasha Geiling,“Beneath Paris’s City Streets，There’s an Empire of Death Waiting for Tourists,”Smithsonian.com，Mar. 28，2014，https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/paris-catacombs-180950160; “Catacombes de Paris,”Atlas Obscura，https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/catacombes-de-paris。
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地球上最大的墓地：最大的墓地是伊拉克的Wadi-us-Salaam，那里有数千万具尸体。
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英国人的平均身高：Gregori Galofré-Vilà，et al.,“Heights across the Last 2000 Years in England,”University of Oxford，Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History，no. 151，Jan. 2017，32，https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/working_papers/2830/151-final.pdf. C.W.,“Did Living Standards Improve during the Industrial Revolution?,”The Economist，https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2013/09/13/did-living-standards-improve-during-the-industrial-revolution。
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全口牙拔除：据英国国家卫生服务部门的一名公务员称，直到20世纪90年代中期，在英格兰东北部地区，女性在16岁或18岁生日之前会被给予优惠券，让她们拔掉所有牙齿，这种情况相当普遍。Letters，London Review of Books 39，no. 14（July 2017），https://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n14/letters。
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维多利亚时代的牙医：Review of J. Sim Wallace，The Physiology of Oral Hygiene and Recent Research，with Special Reference to Accessory Food Factors and the Incidence of Dental Caries（London: Ballière，Tindall and Cox，1929），in Journal of the American Medical Association 95，no. 11（Sept. 1930）: 819。
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19世纪：我说的是爱德华·梅兰比，一位英国研究人员，他将我们的脸部萎缩归咎于现代饮食中维生素D的缺乏。他将因为自己的研究成果而被授予骑士勋章。一位名叫珀西·豪的美国牙医认为，牙齿不整齐是缺乏维生素C造成的。
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“我们一直都很清楚”：Earnest A. Hooton，foreword to Weston A. Price，Nutrition and Physical Degeneration（New York: Paul B. Hoeber，1939）.“Let us cease pretending that toothbrushes and toothpaste are any more important than shoe brushes and shoe polish. It is store food that has given us store teeth,”Hooton wrote in his own book，Apes，Men，and Morons（New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons，1937）。
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普莱斯发现有些部落：后来，当普莱斯在他位于克利夫兰的实验室里检查来自洛桑塔尔村（Loetschental）的面包和奶酪样品时，他发现其中所含的维生素A和D是当时典型的现代美国饮食中所有食物的10倍。普莱斯对死者也进行了研究。在秘鲁，他煞费苦心地分析了1276个头骨，这些头骨的年龄从几百年到几千年不等。没有一个头骨的牙弓是畸形的，没有一张脸是畸形的或怪异的。Weston A. Price，Nutrition and Physical Degeneration，8th ed.（Lemon Grove，CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation，2009）。
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猎食野生动物：普莱斯曾在加拿大北部访问印第安人。他们在漫长的冬天无法获得水果或蔬菜，因此身体缺乏维生素C。普莱斯注意到，他们本应得坏血病或因病死亡，但他们看起来却非常健康。一位年长的酋长向普莱斯描述了部落如何杀死一头驼鹿：剖开它的背部，在肾脏上方拉出两个小的脂肪球。他们会把小球切开，在家族中分发。普莱斯后来发现，这些球是肾上腺，是所有动物和植物组织中最丰富的维生素C来源。
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他们质疑的是：“Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects,”Journal of the American Medical Association 114，no. 26（June 1940）: 2589，https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1160631?redirect=true。
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鼻窦球囊扩张术：纳亚克谨慎地指出，这些患者是经过严格挑选的，而且在另外一年的时间里，患者不需要其他程序性治疗。他告诉我，鼻窦球囊扩张术对这些患者有效，但不是对所有人都有效。
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鼻内瓣膜区凹陷：Jukka Tikanto and Tapio Pirilä,“Effects of the Cottle’s Maneuver on the Nasal Valve as Assessed by Acoustic Rhinometry,”American Journal of Rhinology 21，no. 4（July 2007）: 456–59。
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鼻中隔偏曲：Shawn Bishop,“If Symptoms Aren’t Bothersome，Deviated Septum Usually Doesn’t Require Treatment,”Mayo Clinic News Network，July 8，2011，https://newsnetwork. mayoclinic.org/discussion/if-symptoms-arent-bothersome-deviated-septum-usually-doesnt-require-treatment/。
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