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测量……工业革命前的颅骨:Specifically,from 2.12 and 2.62 inches before the Industrial Age to 1.88 to 2.44 inches afterward. J. N. Starkey,“Etiology of Irregularities of the Teeth,”The Dental Surgeon 4,no. 174(Feb. 29,1908): 105–6。
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“逐渐萎缩”:J. Sim Wallace,“Heredity,with Special Reference to the Diminution in Size of the Human Jaw,”digest of Dental Record,Dec. 1901,in Dental Digest 8,no. 2(Feb. 1902): 135–40,https://tinyurl.com/r6szdz8。
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喂养两组猪:Yucatan minipigs,that is. Russell L. Ciochon et al.,“Dietary Consistency and Craniofacial Development Related to Masticatory Function in Minipigs,”Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology 17,no. 2(Apr.–June 1997): 96–102。
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错牙合畸形:罗伯特·科鲁奇尼(Robert Corruccini)博士总结并验证了这些数据。详情可以在2018 Oregon Dental Conference Course Handout中找到。
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第8章 (偶尔)多
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死了一千两百人:Micheal Clodfelter,Warfare and Armed Conflicts:A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures,1492–2015,4th ed.(Jefferson,NC:McFarland,2017),277。
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其中……超过30次:J. M. Da Costa,“On Irritable Heart; a Clinical Study of a Form of Functional Cardiac Disorder and its Consequences,”American Journal of Medical Sciences,n.s. 61,no. 121(1871)。
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出现了相同症状:Jeffrey A. Lieberman,“From‘Soldier’s Heart’to‘Vietnam Syndrome’:Psychiatry’s 100-Year Quest to Understand PTSD,”The Star,Mar. 7,2015,https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2015/03/07/solving-the-riddle-of-soldiers-heart-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd.html; Christopher Bergland.“Chronic Stress Can Damage Brain Structure and Connectivity,”Psychology Today,Feb. 12,2004。
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两成士兵:“From Shell-Shock to PTSD,a Century of Invisible War Trauma,”PBS NewsHour,Nov. 11,2018,https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/from-shell-shock-to-ptsd-a-century-of-invisible-war-trauma; Caroline Alexander,“The Shock of War,”Smithsonian,Sept. 2010,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-shock-of-war-55376701/#Mxod3dfdosgFt3cQ.99。
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呼吸的时候会感到特别舒畅:此外,下肺含有60%到80%的血液饱和肺泡,以便换气更容易和更高效. Body,Mind,and Sport,223。
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角色恰恰相反:Phillip Low,“Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System,”Merck Manual,consumer version,https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/autonomic-nervous-system-disorders/overview-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system。
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心率上升……思维加快:“How Stress Can Boost Immune System,”Science-Daily,June 21,2012; “Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System,”Lumen,https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/functions-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system/。
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瞳孔扩张:Joss Fong,“Eye-Opener:Why Do Pupils Dilate in Resp-onse to Emotional States?,”Scientific American,Dec. 7,2012,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/eye-opener-why-do-pupils-dialate/。
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高度紧张的状态:交感神经控制中心不在脑内,而是位于脊椎的脊神经节内,而副交感神经系统则位于脑的更高位置。这也许不是巧合。一些研究者,比如史蒂芬·波戈斯,认为交感神经系统是一个更原始的系统,而副交感神经系统则更高级。
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尽管……可能要一个小时以上:“什么是压力?”,美国职业压力协会(American Institute of Stress),https://www.stress.org/daily-life。
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印度人那洛巴:“Tibetan Lama to Teach an Introduction to Tummo,the Yoga of Psychic Heat at HAC January 21,”Healing Arts Center(St. Louis),Dec. 20,2017,https://www.thehealingartscenter.com/hac-news/tibetan-lama-to-teach-an-introduction-to-tummo-the-yoga-of-psychic-heat-at-hac; “NAROPA,”Garchen Buddhist Institute,July 14,2015,https://garchen. net/naropa。
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大卫-妮尔写道:Alexandra David-Néel,My Journey to Lhasa(1927; New York:Harper Perennial,2005),135。
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职业冲浪者和综合格斗选手:Nan-Hie In,“Breathing Exercises,Ice Baths:How Wim Hof Method Helps Elite Athletes and Navy Seals,”South China Morning Post,Mar. 25,2019,https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/article/3002901/wim-hof-method-how-ice-baths-and-breathing-techniques。
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他主要的关注点是迷走神经:Stephen W. Porges,The Pocket Guide to the Polyvagal Theory:The Transformative Power of Feeling Safe,Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology(New York:W. W. Norton,2017),131,140,160,173,196,242,234。
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表现在我们身上就是晕厥:具体来说,当迷走神经受到刺激时,心率减慢,血管扩张,使血液更难克服重力,泵入大脑。大脑供血不足会导致晕厥发作。
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供血异常的器官:Steven Park,Sleep Interrupted:A Physician Reveals the #1 Reason Why So Many of Us Are Sick and Tired(New York:Jodev Press,2008),Kindle locations 1443–46。
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从……减轻上述症状:“Vagus Nerve Stimulation,”Mayo Clinic,https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vagus-nerve-stimulation/about/pac-20384565; Crystal T. Engineer et al.,“Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Adjuvant to Behavioral Therapy for Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders,”Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 9(July 2017):20。
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非侵入性手段:还有荡秋千。在20世纪上半叶,摇椅和门廊秋千在房屋中非常普遍。它们之所以如此受欢迎,可能是因为摇摆能改变血压,使信息更容易沿着迷走神经来回传递。这就是为什么很多自闭症儿童(他们经常出现迷走神经张力低,频繁感到威胁)对荡秋千反应如此之好。寒冷暴露,像是在脸上泼冷水,也会刺激迷走神经向心脏发送信息,降低心率(把你的脸浸在冷水中,你的心率会很快下降)。Porges,Pocket Guide to the Polyvagal Theory,211–12。
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调整心跳……的速度:一些非常罕见的例外是由瑜伽士证明的,这些将在最后一章中讨论。
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呼吸……时间:Roderik J. S. Gerr-itsen and Guido P. H. Band,“Breath of Life:The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity,”Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12(Oct. 2018):397; Christopher Bergland,“Longer Exhalations Are an Easy Way to Hack Your Vagus Nerve,”Psychology Today,May 9,2019。
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