1700792602
1700792603
[35] 不过最近出版的一些重要著作，确实关注到了这个被忽视的话题：Calvin Martin,Keepers of the Game
:Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1978)；Stephen J.Kunitz,Disease,Change,and the Role of Medicine
:The Navaho Experience(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1983)；Russell Thornton,American Indian Holocaust and Survival
:A Population History Since 1492(Norman
:University of Oklahoma Press,1987)；以及Alfred W.Crosby,The Columbian Exchange。
1700792604
1700792605
[36] 在这些例外中，有Todd L.Savitt,Medicine and Slavery
:The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia(Urbana
:University of Illinois Press,1978)；Edward H.Beardsley,A History of Neglect
:Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South(Knoxville
:University of Tennessee Press,1987)；Todd L.Savitt and James Harvey Young,eds.,Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South(Knoxville
:University of Tennessee Press,1988)；William Stanton,The Leopards Spots
:Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America,1815—1859(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1960)；Nancy Krieger,“Shades of Difference
:Theoretical Underpinnings of the Medical Controversy on Black/White Differences in the United States,1830—1870,” International Journal of Health Services 17(1987)
:259—273。
1700792606
1700792607
[37] Gert H.Brieger,“Sanitary Reform in New York City
:Stephen Smith and the Passage of the Metropolitan Health Bill,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 40(1966)
:407—429; Charles E.Rosenberg and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg,“Pietism and the Origins of the American Public Health Movement
:A Note on John H.Griscom and Robert M.Hartley,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 23(1968)
:16—35; Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz,Public Health and the State
:Changing Views in Massachusetts,1842—1936(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1972); John Duffy,A History of Public Health in New York City(New York
:Russell Sage Foundation,1968—1974).
1700792608
1700792609
[38] 罗森的叙述关注的是细菌学的科学中心。尽管他对流行病学和统计学有所提及，但他认为这些都是附属科学。如果由当代的实践者撰写公共卫生史，他们必定会将流行病学作为公共卫生学的中心学科，给予同样的重视。Milton Terris,“The Epidemiologic Tradition
:The Wade Hampton Frost Lecture,” Public Health Reports 94(1979)
:203—209; F.H.Top,ed.,The History of American Epidemiology(St.Louis,MO
:C.V.Mosby,1952); Abraham M.Lilienfeld,ed.,Times,Places,Persons
:Aspects of the History of Epidemiology(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980); John M.Eyler,Victorian Social Medicine
:The Ideas and Methods of William Farr(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979); William Coleman,Yellow Fever in the North
:The Methods of Early Epidemiology(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1987); Carol Bucket al.,eds.,The Challenge of Epidemiology
:Issues and Selected Readings(Washington,DC
:PAHO/WHO,1988); Mervyn Susser,“Epidemiology in the United States after World War II
:The Evolution of Technique,” Epidemiological Reviews 7(1985)
:147—177.关于美国的早期统计史，见James H.Cassedy,Demography in Early America
:Beginnings of the Statistical Mind,1600—1800(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1969)；以及James H.Cassedy,American Medicine and Statistical Thinking,1800—1860(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1984)。
1700792610
1700792611
[39] 虽然罗森对巴斯德的科学生涯的总结很有价值，但可能与杰拉尔德·L.盖森（Gerald L.Geison）更具批判性的观点形成对比，Gerald L.Geison,The Private Science of Louis Pasteur(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1995)；以及Bruno Latour,The Pasteurization of France,trans.Alan Sheridan and John Law(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1988)。稍早的文献，见René Dubos,Louis Pasteur
:Free Lance of Science(London
:Gollancz,1951)；以及René J.Dubos and Thomas D.Brock,Pasteur and Modern Science(1960; reprint,Madison,WI
:Science Tech Publishers,1988)。
1700792612
1700792613
[40] 有许多以科学和实验研究的社会建构为主题的文章，对罗森和许多早期历史学家有时不加批判的观点进行反驳。例见，Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar,Laboratory Life
:The Construction of Scientific Facts(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1986)；Bruno Latour,Science in Action
:How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1987)；Daniel P.Todes,Pavlov’s Physiology Factory
:Experiment,Interpretation,Laboratory Enterprise(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,2001)。
1700792614
1700792615
[41] Thomas D.Brock,Robert Koch
:A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology(Madison,WI
:Science Tech Publishers,1988); Patricia Gossel,“The Emergence of American Bacteriology,1875—1900,” PhD dissertation,Johns Hopkins University,1989; William Coleman,“Koch’s Comma Bacillus
:The First Year,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61(1987)
:315—342.
1700792616
1700792617
[42] 这些都是公共卫生史上的英雄故事，以不同的方式讲述过许多次。其中一个标准的来源是William Bulloch,The History of Bacteriology(London
:Oxford University Press,1938; reprint,1960)；另见Harry F.Dowling,Fighting Infection
:Conquests of the Twentieth Century(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1977)。关于外科手术，见Gert H.Brieger,“American Surgery and the Germ Theory of Disease,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 40(1966)
:135—145。通过François Delaporte,The History of Yellow Fever
:An Essay on the Birth of Tropical Medicine(Cambridge,MA
:MIT Press,1991)，人们对黄热病有了新的解读。关于免疫学历史的最近研究，见Arthur Silverstein,A History of Immunology(San Diego,CA
:Academic Press,1989)；以及Pauline Mazumdar,Immunology,1930—1980
:Essays on the History of Immunology(Toronto
:Wail and Thompson,1989)。
1700792618
1700792619
[43] David Blancher,“Workshops of the Bacteriological Revolution
:A History of the Laboratories of the New York Department of Health,” PhD dissertation,City University of New York,1979; Evelynn Hammonds,Childhood’s Deadly Scourge
:The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City,1880—1930(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1999); John Duffy,A History of Public Health in New York City,2 vols.(New York
:Russell Sage Foundation,1968—1974).
1700792620
1700792621
[44] 见James H.Cassedy,Charles V.Chapin and the Public Health Movement(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1972)。
1700792622
1700792623
[45] Thomas McKeown,The Modern Rise of Population(New York
:Academic Press,1976).另见Thomas McKeown,Medicine
:Dream,Mirage,or Nemesis?(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1979)；以及Thomas McKeown and R.G.Record,“Reasons for the Decline in Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century,” Population Studies 16(1962)
:94—122。
1700792624
1700792625
[46] Simon Szreter,“The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain’s Mortality Decline,c.1850—1914
:A Reinterpretation of the Role of Public Health,” Social History of Medicine 1(1988)
:1—37.
1700792626
1700792627
[47] 近期，妇幼保健得到了公共卫生史学家和女权主义学者的极大关注。见Molly Ladd-Taylor,ed.,Raising a Baby the Government Way
:Mothers’ Letters to the Children’s Bureau,1915—1932(New Brunswick,NJ
:Rutgers University Press,1986)；Richard A.Meckel,Save the Babies
:American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality,1850—1920(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1990)；Rima D.Apple,Mothers and Medicine
:A Social History of Infant Feeding,1890—1950(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1987)；Jane Lewis,The Politics of Motherhood
:Child and Maternal Welfare in England,1900—1939(Montreal
:McGill-Queen’s University Press,1980)；以及Alisa Klaus,“Babies All the Rage
:The Movement to Prevent Infant Mortality in the United States and France,1890—1920,” PhD dissertation,University of Pennsylvania,1986。
1700792628
1700792629
[48] 女权主义作家和医学史家对那些早期的假设表示质疑，即医生助产比助产士助产更安全，医院分娩比在家庭分娩更安全。例见Jean Donnison,Midwives and Medical Men
:A History of Inter-Professional Rivalry and Women’s Rights(New York
:Schocken,1977)。关于妇女和生育的社会背景，以下两部著作非常出色：Judith W.Leavitt,Brought to Bed
:Childbearing in America,1750—1950(New York
:Oxford University Press,1986)；以及Laura Thatcher Ulrich,A Midwife’s Tale
:The Life of Martha Ballard,Based on Her Diary,1785—1812(New York
:Knopf,1990)。
1700792630
1700792631
[49] Andrea Tone,Devices and Desires
:A History of Contraceptives in America(New York
:Hill and Wang,2002); Ellen Chesler,Woman of Valor
:Margaret Sanger and the American Birth Control Movement in America(New York
:Simon & Schuster,1992); Linda Gordon,Woman’s Body,Woman’s Right
:A Social History of Birth Control in America(New York
:Grossman,1976; revised edition,New York
:Penguin,1990); James Reed,From Private Vice to Public Virtue
:The Birth Control Movement and American Society since 1830(New York
:Basic Books,1978); Leslie J.Reagan,When Abortion Was a Crime
:Women,Medicine,and Law in the United States,1867—1973(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1997); James C.Mohr,Abortion in America
:The Origins and Evolution of National Policy,1800—1900(New York
:Oxford University Press,1978); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg,Disorderly Conduct
:Visions of Gender in Victorian America(New York
:Knopf,1985); Rosalind P.Petchesky,Abortion and Woman’s Choice
:The State,Sexuality,and Reproductive Freedom(Boston
:Northeastern University Press,1985); Rima D.Apple,ed.,Women,Health,and Medicine in America
:A Historical Handbook(New York
:Garland,1990).
1700792632
1700792633
[50] 在这种情况下，出生人数，特别是中产阶级妇女生育率的明显下降，以及人们发现许多年轻男子的兵役体检不合格，都刺激了公共卫生、儿童福利、先天论和优生学工作的展开。见Daniel J.Kevles,In the Name of Eugenics
:Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity(New York
:Knopf,1985)。关于性和权力的交叉的深度讨论，见Alain Corbin,Women for Hire
:Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1990)。
1700792634
1700792635
[51] 关于公共卫生护理，尤见Karen Buhler-Wilkerson,False Dawn
:The Rise and Decline of Public Health Nursing,1900—1930(New York
:Garland,1989)。同样出色的有Mary Breckinridge,Wide Neighborhoods
:A Story of the Frontier Nursing Service(New York
:Harper,1952; reprint,Lexington
:University Press of Kentucky,1981)。
1700792636
1700792637
[52] 罗森与查尔斯·爱德华·A.温斯洛（Charles-Edward A.Winslow）都坚持，健康教育对公共卫生的重要意义是不亚于病菌学的。见Winslow’s The Evolution and Significance of the Modern Public Health Campaign(New Haven,CT
:Yale University Press,1923)；Richard K.Means,A History of Health Education in the United States(Philadelphia
:Lea & Febiger,1962)；以及不同的、挑衅的观点，John C.Burnham,How Superstition Won and Science Lost
:Popularizing Science and Health in the United States(New Brunswick,NJ
:Rutgers University Press,1987)。关于卫生、健康和卫生改革，见Harvey Green,Fit for America
:Health,Fitness,Sport,and American Society(New York
:Pantheon Books,1986)；James C.Whorton,Crusaders for Fitness
:The History of American Health Reformers(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1982)；以及Martha H.Verbrugge,Able-Bodied Womanhood
:Personal Health and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Boston(New York
:Oxford University Press,1988)。
1700792638
1700792639
[53] 关于结核病的第一个志愿卫生组织，参见Michael E.Teller,The Tuberculosis Movement
:A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era(New York
:Greenwood Press,1988)；Richard H.Shryock,National Tuberculosis Association,1904—1954
:A Study of the Voluntary Health Movement in the United States(New York
:National Tuberculosis Association,1957)。更广泛地说，志愿组织的历史包括公众对疾病危害以及筹措资金政策的看法。例见，Richard A.Rettig,Cancer Crusade
:The Story of the National Cancer Act of 1971(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1977); James T.Patterson,The Dread Disease
:Cancer and Modern American Culture(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1977)；以及Stephen P.Strickland,Politics,Science,and Dread Disease
:A History of United States Medical Research Policy(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1972)。
1700792640
1700792641
[54] 这些机构近年来得到了更多的关注。关于CDC，见Elizabeth W.Etheridge,Sentinel for Health
:A History of the Centers for Disease Control(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1992)；关于NIH，见Victoria Harden,Inventing the NIH
:Federal Biomedical Research Policy,1887—1937(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1986)；关于公共卫生学院，见Elizabeth Fee,Disease and Discovery
:A History of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,1916—1939(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1987); Robert R.Korstad,Dreaming of a Time
:The School of Public Health; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,1939—1989(Chapel Hill
:University of North Carolina,1990); Elizabeth Fee and Roy M.Acheson,eds.,A History of Education in Public Health
:Health That Mocks the Doctors’ Rules(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1991)。最近出版的一部作品补充了一些美国公共卫生服务的旧史料：Fitzhugh Mullan,Plagues and Politics
:The Story of the United States Public Health Service(New York
:Basic Books,1989)。
1700792642
1700792643
[55] 关于糙皮病，见Elizabeth W.Etheridge,The Butterfly Caste(Westport,CT
:Greenwood Press,1972)；Daphne A.Roe,A Plague of Corn
:The Social History of Pellagra(Ithaca,NY
:Cornell University Press,1973)；以及Milton Terris,ed.,Goldberger on Pellagra(Baton Rouge
:Louisiana State University Press,1964)。
1700792644
1700792645
[56] 关于食品条例，见James Harvey Young,Pure Food
:Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906(Princeton,NY
:Princeton University Press,1989)；关于粮食救济，见Jan Poppendieck,Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat
:Food Assistance in the Great Depression(New Brunswick,NJ
:Rutgers University Press,1986)。了解非法的市售毒品以及控制毒品的努力，见David F.Musto,The American Disease
:Origins of Narcotic Control(New York
:Oxford University Press,1987)。
1700792646
1700792647
[57] Joan Jacobs Brumberg,Fasting Girls
:The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1988); Lucile F.Newman et al.,eds.,Hunger in History
:Food Shortage,Poverty and Deprivation(Cambridge,MA
:Basil Blackwell,1990); Roderick Floud,Kenneth Wachter,and Gregory Annabel,Height,Health and History
:Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom,1750—1980(New York
:Cambridge University Press,1990); David Arnold,ed.,Famine,Social Crisis and Historical Change(Oxford
:Basil Blackwell,1988).
1700792648
1700792649
[58] 在美国，职业健康的历史已经得到了相当多的关注。一些近期的重要出版物包括 David Rosner and Gerald E.Markowitz,Deadly Dust
:Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth-Century America(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1991)；Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner,Deceit and Denial
:The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution(Berkeley
:University of California Press
:2013)；David Rosner and Gerald E.Markowitz,eds.,Dying for Work
:Workers’ Safety and Health in Twentieth-Century America(Bloomington
:Indiana University Press,1987)；Alan Derickson,Workers’ Health,Workers’Democracy
:The Western Miners’ Struggle,1891—1925(Ithaca,NY
:Cornell University Press,1989)；Alan Derickson,Black Lung
:Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster(Ithaca,NY
:Cornell University Press,1998)；Claudia Clark,Radium Girls
:Women and Industrial Health Reform,1910—1935(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1997)；Paul Weindling,ed.,The Social History of Occupational Health(London
:Dover,1986)；Edward H.Beardsley,A History of Neglect
:Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South(Knoxville
:University of Tennessee Press,1987)；Barbara Sicherman,Alice Hamilton
:A Life in Letters(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1984)；Ronald Bayer,ed.,The Health and Safety of Workers
:Case Studies in the Politics of Professional Responsibility(New York
:Oxford University Press,1988)。关于童工，见Alan Derickson,“Making Human Junk
:Child Labor as a Health Issue in the Progressive Era,” American Journal of Public Health 82(1992)
:1280—90。关于环境卫生史的相关文献，包括James Whorton,Before Silent Spring
:Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1974)；Samuel P.Hays,Beauty,Health,and Permanence
:Environmental Politics in the United States,1955—1985(New York
:Cambridge University Press,1987)；以及Catherine Caulfield,Multiple Exposures
:Chronicles of the Radiation Age(London
:Seeker & Warburg,1989)。另见Samuel S.Epstein’s controversial book,The Politics of Cancer(Garden City,NY
:Anchor Press,1979)。在将公共卫生和环境运动联系起来这方面，尤为重要的是Robert Gottlieb,Forcing the Spring
:The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement(Washington,DC
:Island Press,1993)。
1700792650
1700792651
[59] 关于英国国民医疗服务体系，见Charles Webster,Peacetime History
:The Health Services since the War,vol.1,Problems of Health Care
:The National Health Service before 1957(London
:H.M.S.O.,1988)；Frank Honigsbaum,Health,Happiness,and Security
:The Creation of the National Health Service(London
:Routledge,1989)；and Daniel M.Fox,Health Policies,Health Politics
:The British and American Experience,1911—1965(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1986)。针对罗森对美国取得国民健康保险的早期努力的简要叙述，罗纳德·纳博斯进行了详细分析；见Ronald L.Numbers,Almost Persuaded
:American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance,1912—1920(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1978)。关于后来围绕国民健康保险的斗争，有大量文献记载；例见Ronald Numbers,ed.,Compulsory Health Insurance
:The Continuing American Debate(West-port,CT
:Greenwood Press,1982)；Monty Poen,Harry S.Truman versus the Medical Lobby(Columbia
:University of Missouri Press,1979)；Richard Harris,A Sacred Trust(Baltimore
:Penguin,1966)；Paul Starr,The Social Transformation of American Medicine(New York
:Basic Books,1982)，以及Remedy and Reaction
:The Peculiar American Struggle over Health Care Reform(New Haven,CT
:Yale University Press,2011)；Beatrix Hoffman,Health Care for Some
:Rights and Rationing in the United States since 1930(Chapel Hill
:University of North Carolina Press,2012)。Georges C.Benjamin,Theodore M.Brown,Susan Ladwig,and Elyse Berkman,The Quest for Health Reform
:A Satirical History(Washington,DC
:American Public Health Association,2013).Anne-Emanuelle Birn,Theodore M.Brown,Elizabeth Fee,and Walter J.Lear,“Struggles for National Health Reform in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health 93(2003)
:86—91.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.700792602e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]