打字猴:1.700799573e+09
1700799573
1700799574 许多国家在寻找新的经济增长点的过程中把目光投向了生物技术和生物医学研究,因为这些领域有非常大的发展潜力,被看成是下一次科技革命的起始点。各国政府纷纷从20世纪80年代起就开始出台政策扶持本国生物技术和生物医学研究的发展,希望在这新一次全球性的竞争中夺得一席之地。
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1700799576 同其他高科技领域一样,欧盟为生物医学研究领域建立了各国之间交流合作的平台,制定统一的战略和研究方向,确定研究难点,协调资金的投人,为以小型研究机构为主的欧洲生物科技公司提供各方面的支持。具体到制药方面,欧洲制药行业协会联合会(European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations)共同出资20亿欧元以资助小型研究机构在生物制药方面的研究。
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1700799578 新加坡则采取了一种非常具有自己特色的方式,就是由新加坡政府出资设立基金,直接入股生物医学科技公司,给予资金和政策上的优惠,并制定措施吸引世界性的生物技术公司到新加坡开设研发机构。投资于生物医学技术的基金一共有四个,由新加坡经济发展局下属BIO * One Capital机构管理,总投资在8亿美元左右。
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1700799580 (1)The Nobel Foundation,All Nobel Laureates in Medicine,http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/index.html,last accessed on Dec. 13,2009.
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1700799582 (2)Elpidoforos S. Soteriates,et al,“Research Contribution of Different World Regions in the Top 50 Biomedical Journals”,The FASEB Journal,2006
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1700799584 (3)Hamilton Moses,Ⅲ;E. Ray Dorsey;David H. M. Matheson;et al.,“Financial Anatomy of Biomedical Research”,JAMA. 2005;294(11):1333—1342. The following funding source statistics are from this source.
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1700799586 (4)Miriam Shergold,Health and Medical Research in the United States:Observatory on Health Research Systems,RAND Corporation,2008.
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1700799588 (5)NIH Office of Extramural Research,Table #112 NIH Research Grants:Number of Awarded Institution and Number of Awards by type of Institution,Fiscal year 1999—2008,May 6,2009.
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1700799590 (6)Statistics tabulated from grant award information reported by NIH at http://report.nih.gov/index.aspx.
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1700799592 (7)NIH,Research Project Success Rates by Type and Activity,July 9,2009,http://report.nih.gov/award/success/Success_ByActivity.cfm,last accessed on Dec. 13,2009.
1700799593
1700799594 (8)Biotechnology Industry Organization,2007—2008 Milestones,p. 12.
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1700799596 (9)PhRMA,Pharmaceutical Indsutry Profile2009,p 2.
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1700799598 (10)Association of American Medical Colleges,AAMC Data Book2007,p. 42—46
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1700799600 (11)National Institutes of Health,NIH Almanac 2008—2009,p. 408.(http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/)
1700799601
1700799602 (12)Ibid. p. 112
1700799603
1700799604 (13)PhRMA,Pharmaceutical Industry Profile2009,p 66.
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1700799606 (14)Biotechnology Industry Organization,Biotechnology Industry Facts,http://bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/statistics.asp,last accessed on Dec. 14,2009.
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1700799608 (15)同上.
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1700799610 (16)同上.
1700799611
1700799612 (17)Biotechnology Industry Organization,2007—2008 Milestones,p. 40.
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1700799614 (18)Real Clear Politics,Polls Find Majority Back Funding Stem-Cell Research,March 10,2009,http://www.realclearpolitics.com/politics_nation/2009/03/polls_find_majority_back_fundi.html.
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1700799616 (19)Elpidoforos S. Soteriates,et al,“Research Contribution of Different World Regions in the Top 50 Biomedical Journals”,The FASEB Journal,2006
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1700799618 (20)National Science Foundation,Survey of Earned Doctorates,2007,http://www.norc.org/projects/survey+of+earned+doctorates.htm,last accessed on Dec. 13,2009.
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